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Ex. IV. Complete each sentence with a perfect infinitive




Example: I am really fortunate to have been invited to so many international conferences.

1. The candidate for mayor said, I am pleased to be your guest speaker. I am also pleased ______ so many letters from you throughout a year (receive).

2. The rock star seems to be popular now, but he seems ______ even more popular two years ago (be).

3. As we get older, the past seems to be clearer than the present; similarly, as the writer Somerset Maugham once said, the past is never what it was but what it seems ______ (be).

4. Look at this suit I bought. I am always surprised to find anything at a reasonable price, but in this case I am surprised ______ something I really like (find).

5. It may be possible to do this homework in an hour, but it was impossible for that homework ______ so quickly (do).

6. He is glad to take part in the conference (invite).

Ex. V. Translate into English using infinitives:

1. , . 2. , . 3. . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. , . 13. , , - . 14. , . 15. .

Oral practice: Some Glimpses on the Ukrainian History

Ex. I. You are telling your foreign friend about some major events in the history of Ukraine. What will you choose to speak about?

Ex. II. Read the following text:

In the 1st millennium B.C., Ukraines Black Sea coast and the Crimean Peninsula became an outpost of Greek, and later Roman and Byzantine, civilization. The steppe, by contrast, was for centuries the domain of tribes arriving from Central Asia. In the 6th century A.D., East Slavic tribes settled the interior.

In the 9th century the first historic state in Ukraine territory rose around the city of Kyiv. The name Rus', by which the Kyivan state came to be known, was at first applied to the environs of Kyiv and later to the territory ruled by members of the Kyivan dynasty. In 988, Vladimir I introduced Christianity as the official religion, and under his successors a new Christian culture developed.

In the 12th and 13th centuries Kyivan Rus was in decline as a result of shifting trade routes and separatist tendencies among its various principalities. The final blow to Kyiv was the Mongol invasion of the mid-13th century. But already the focus of power had shifted to the Galician-Volynian principality (in present western Ukraine), which became the main heir to the Kyivan legacy.

In the 14th century Galicia fell under the rule of Poland, and most of the rest of Ukraine came under Lithuania. In 1569, when Lithuania formed a political union with Poland, almost all Ukrainian lands were transferred to the direct jurisdiction of the Polish crown. In 1596 a majority of the Orthodox bishops in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth accepted union with Rome. The strongest opponents of the new Uniate church were the Cossacks, who had developed into a powerful military force on Ukraines steppe frontier and resisted Polish attempts to bring them under control.

The rising tensions resulted in a vast Cossack insurrection under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi in 1648, which was joined by the peasantry in revolt against serfdom. Initial success encouraged Khmelnytskyi to begin the formation of a Ukrainian Cossack state independent of Poland. However, according to the agreement with Moscow in 1667 Ukraine was partitioned between Muscovy and Poland. For a time Russian Ukraine enjoyed self-rule under its hetman (prince). Ukrainian autonomy was abolished by Catherine II in the 1760s. In the late 18th century the Russian Empire absorbed the remainder of Ukraine in the partitions of Poland, except for Galicia, which was annexed by Austria. At the same time Russias conquest of the Crimea opened the southern steppes and the Black Sea coast to Ukrainian settlement.

After the collapse of both the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, the two Ukrainian regions were briefly reunited in an independent state. In 1921, however, Galicia and Volyn were occupied by Poland, while smaller areas in the west were annexed by Romania and Czechoslovakia, respectively. Eastern Ukraine became the Ukrainian SSR. World War II brought massive destruction and further loss of life as Ukraine became the main battlefield between the USSR and Nazi Germany. The transfer of the Crimea from Russia to Ukraine in 1954 completed the present configuration.

Active Words and Phrases:

domain insurrection
tribes peasantry
environs serfdom ;
successor abolish
decline conquest
principality denial
heir destruction
legacy loss




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