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47 , 1997, 17, . 16.

coo country. a man without a country. , for God, my country and the tzar. motherland fatherland, . , , understatement, - country.

( ) -, . : // , . : ( , ); , , ( ); ( ).

, Happy English, :

The concept of arouses a lot of emotion in Russians. It is feminine, you regard it as your mother (-, -,). We have a different attitude to our country. We would never dream of calling it motherland. Your people feel nostalgic during three-week Oxford summer courses of English. I lived in Russia away from my country for 9 years and I did not feel nostalgic. We are on different terms with our country.

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, : , / //, . . , patriotic, motherland, fatherland . Great Patriotic War . : The Second World War . , fatherland ( Vaterland). motherland , , . ( -, , .)

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, , . : - , - this country [ ]. , , , , our country [ ], : , this country. - , , , : . , , , ( !) . 1998 , , : , .

. . POHA 1 "Patria" . , "patria" : 1, 2 , . "patria" - . - , --

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1 "patria", . " " (1) " " , . 2, , , , , ("), - , , (. <, > ).

1 - " 48.

48 . . . P 1 "Patria" // . , E. . . ., 1997, . 77-79.

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50 , 1996, 53 (161).

51 , 1997, 41 (11479).

52 , 02.12.97.

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, this country, .

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, , . , , . , , . , , understatement .

- , , . - , : I do not dislike soup [ ], , . , , I adore soup! [ ]. , , , , , . , , 54. , - , - , .

53 . . , // , 1998, 37 (250).

54 .: D. Bolinger. Generality, Gradience, and the All-or-none. Gravenhage, 1961.

, , - , , understatement, , overstatement ( , ) :

The English have no soul; they have the understatement instead.

If a continental youth wants to declare his love to a girl, he kneels down, tells her that she is the sweetest, the most charming and ravishing person in the world, that she has something in her, something peculiar and individual which only a few hundred thousand other women have and that he would be unable to live one more minute without her. Often, to give a little more emphasis to the statement, he shoots himself on the spot. This is a

normal, week-day declaration of love in the more temperamental continental countries. In England the boy pets his adored one on the back and says softly: I don't object to you, you know". If he is quite mad with passion, he may add: I rather fancy you, in fact".

If he wants to marry a girl, he says:

I say... would you?.."

If he wants to make an indecent proposal:

I say... what about...".

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understatement, , overstatement, , :

: I am a bit unwell [ ]; : : , , ...

, . , . , foreign [] foreigner [] . , , , the faculty of foreign languages [ ] : the faculty of modern languages [ ]. .

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foreign foreigner , , . foreigner [] :

Anne's father would not consent to her marrying a foreigner [ ] (ALDCE, consent '');

has a distrust of foreigners [ ] (ALDCE, distrust '');

Foreigners are not allowed to own land [ ] (LDCE, foreigner);

Could you help me, please? I am a foreigner, and I can't read signs [ , ? ] (DELC, foreigner).

(, , ): William III was not a popular ruler owing to his foreign ways (he was born in the Hague) [ III - ( )] 55. , , .

, , : Romans were foreigners who wrote for foreigners two millenniums ago [ , ]. , , , these foreigners [ ]. , , , , , foreigner: .

: !" , . . , , , . , ? 56 : , , ,

55 P. W. Montague-Smith. The Royal Line in Succession. Pitkin Pictorials, 1995, p. 21.

56 . . . . . . . ., 1999, . 72.

, , 57.

Longman 500 foreigner. , , () . :

Outsiders were frowned on. They're foreigners they come from Bury St. Edmunds! [ . -!]

He's not a proper father: he'd rather talk to a foreigner than come and find his own son [ : , ].

Would love me even less, if only because I was a foreigner on the home turf [ , ].

He is not kind of loving or affectionate about foreigners [ , ].

They left her complaining volubly about foreigners, the dog yapping his agreement [ , , ].

The growing resentment against foreigners erupted in the summer of 1992 [ 1992 ].

The Italians, and indeed all foreigners, are known to be cruel to animals [, , , , ].

Jane had a suspicion that the Swiss, like all the foreigners, harboured strange and filthy diseases [ , , , - ].

Declared that abroad is utterly bloody and foreigners are fiends [, , ].

The Lower Breed, along with servants and foreigners [ , ].

. ..with witches, demons, werewolves, basilisks, foreigners, and (of course) papists; Catholics were dogs, swine, unclean beasts, foreigners and strangers from the Church of God [... , , , , , , ; , , , ].

He blames foreigners for the country's troubles [ ].

Another boring foreigner. I bet she is a Jew [ . , ].

57 . . . ., . 62.

This race despises foreigners, no permanent residence for one more disheveled foreigner to arouse much suspicion [ , , ].

.. .are thrown together on a case involving drugs, foreigners, lots of fights and guns... [... , , ...].

.. .and national purity women, homosexuals, foreigners? [... , , ?]

Now that sounded a little like Foreigners Go Home! [ , ].

...a lust including women, animals, madmen, foreigners, slaves, patients and imbeciles... [..., , , , , , ...].

...a quiet child with the natural distrust of foreigners peculiar to the French of his class... [... , , ...].

Fear of foreigners [ ].

Abroad is also tiring and confusing and full of foreigners... [ , , ...].

...we must be sacrificed to the evil intentions of foreigners... [... ...].

The intrusion of foreigners onto Chinese soil [ ].

. ..throw France on the mercy of foreigners... [... ...].

. ..enjoyed massaging the paranoid prejudices of foreigners... [... ...].

They're suspicions of foreigners [ ].

Feelings of xenophobia a fear or hatred of the foreigner can so readily by whipped up [ ].

When I was foolish enough to believe that the foreigners were the great curse of the British [ , , ].

...the cat, who is suspicious of this foreigner as the natives... [..., , ...].

Really, he was very hostile to foreigners [ ].

I still couldn't imagine my mother mixing with foreigners anywhere [ o , - ].

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( , ), they are an unsmiling nation [ ] : . , , . . 1984 , , , , .

Red Star Rising": The Coverage of Mikhail Gorbachev by U.S. network television, 1984-86. : Entera Bear Smiling [ ]. , , , .

A Bear : . , . (Bear Smiling) , . : , , . , :

Hursts report next moved into a more detailed discussion of the new-style Soviet:

Gorbachev [sic] is not from the mold that gave the world generation after generation of stodgy, dour Soviet leaders... Gorbachev is a bouncy man, quick with a smile and self-assured, apparently confident of his position.

The NBC report accompanied these words with film of a smiling, jovial Gorbachev, taken as Gorbachev posed for cameras while arriving for his visit with the British Foreign Secretary... The presence of a Soviet leader's wife, particularly a young and pleasant looking one, reinforced the idea that leadership in the Soviet Union was undergoing a change 58.

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Hurst's report finished with the conclusion that there was unlikely to be a change in substance despite Gorbachev's change in style from previous leaders: Gorbachev [sic] may turn out to be the smiling messenger with words in the West nobody wants to hear, words that impose, in Washington's view, unacceptable preconditions on arms talks, talks already stalled for more than a year 59.

, , , : In a two minute report on December 17,

Fenton explained that Gorbachev had opened a diplomatic offensive in Britain against Star Wars that seemed to be working:

Enter a bear smiling". That's how The London Times describes Gorbachev's visit to Britain. But the big question is why is he smiling. He won over the British press, which is something to smile about. He won over Britain's Iron Lady", which is certainly something to smile

about... And he seems to be exploit-Ing a potential division in the Western alliance, and that is something to make him smile all the way back to the Kremlin.

The pictures backed up the text. Gorbachev appeared in six shots in Fenton's report and he was smiling broadly in five of them (in the sixth, he was merely listening to someone else). As Fenton started his report, for instance, viewers saw the Bear", Gorbachev, enter a room, take off his coat and warmly greet Foreign Secretary Howe these were the same pictures of the smiling confident Gorbachev that NBC used. The report then alternated between the smiling Gorbachev, the smiling Thatcher, and the news media, which the text declared Gorbachev charmed". The images, regardless of text, seemed to present a reason to like this smiling visitor 60.

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17 , , , , : . London Times . . , ... , , e , . . , ( -). , , , , , , NBC. -

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58 B. Knobel. Red Star Rising: The Coverage of Mikhail Gorbachev by U.S. network television, 1984-86. PhD thesis. Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass., 1991, p. 89.

59 Ibid, p. 90.

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, , , . , , , , , : . : , , , . , 1973 , . , , . - , , , , , , , .

25 , 1998 , : Another example is how often people smile for no reason; that seemed pretty weird to me [ ; ] ( , ).

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60 . Knobel. Red Star Rising: The Coverage of Mikhail Gorbachev by U.S. network television, 1984-86. PhD thesis. Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass., 1991, p. 91.

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, ( , ) , , (.: . II, . 2, 2). , : From this article you can see how we Americans are brainwashed" into the smile and being happy [ , , , , ].

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63 . . // , 10-16.03.1999, . 9.

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2.

Last week I pointed out that art and propaganda

are never quite separable, and that what are supposed

to be purely aesthetic judgements are

always corrupted to some extent by moral

or political or religious loyalties.

George Orwell. Tolstoy and Shakespeare.

, , , , - , .

. .





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