, . , , . .
(autonomous income) : , .
(agent) , .
additivity , , , , ,
(annuity) , ( ).
(asymmetric information) , .
(risk-free equivalent) , , .
budget line , ,
budget constraint
(bureaucracy) , . . ()
, .
(technical effeciency) , , - ;
(economical effeciency) , , .
(externalities) ( ) . .. ( ), .. ( ).
/ external benefits (costs) , , . , , ,
, (internalities) , .
(second best) , , - - ( ) .
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revenue ,
total revenue (TR)
marginal revenue (MR) ,
average revenue (AR) (TR) (Q)
(bilateral monopoly) , .
(diversification) , .
(discounting) , .
(product differentiation) , , , , .
long-run period ,
complementary products ,
(merit goods) , .
, , .
subsidy
income
income (I) ,
-- disposable income
nominal income ,
real income ,
(natural monopoly) , , ( ).
(law of diminishing marginal returns) , , .
substitute products ,
total costs (TC)
marginal costs (MC) ,
average total costs ()
average variable costs (AVC)
average fixed costs (AFC)
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( ; opportunity costs) ;
(accounting costs) ;
(sunk costs) , , ;
(implicit costs) , (, , , );
(total costs; TC) , ;
(variable costs; VC) , ;
(fixed costs; FC) , ;
(marginal costs; MC) , ;
(transaction costs) , ( , , );
(economic costs) , , ;
(explicit costs) , (, , , ).
costs
variable costs (VC) ,
fixed costs (FC) ,
() opportunity costs
(rent protection) , , , .
, (free rider) , , , .
consumer's surplus , ,
consumer's surplus , ,
producer's surplus i ,
(isoquant) , , .
(isocost line) , , .
(concentration index) , ( ).
(Linda index) , , .
() consumer price index (CPI)
() living cost index ,
- (Hfindahl-Hirshman index) , ( ) .
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(vertical integration) * ;
(horizontal integration) , .
( ) (internalization) ( , ) . - .
(capitalization) () .
(durable resource) .
cardinalism , (. )
indifference map ,
(isoquant map) .
(cartel) , .
(quasirent) , .
(collective choice) .
(contract curve) , . , , , .
(Edgeworth box) , . , , ; . , . . . .
short-run period , ,
Gini coefficient (G) - ( , ). G 0 1; G = 0 , (G = 1 ,
indifference curve , ,
Lorenz curve - ( , )
(offer curve) , .
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(grows curve) , , .. .
Engel curve -
,
() ((bank) margin) , , , .
immediate-run period ,
(Arrow-Pratt measures) . . .-. ; . .-. , .
monopolistic competition ,
monopoly , ,
(monopoly power) , .
monopsony , ,
(Pigovian tax) , , . . . , .
(tatonnement) , : , , . , , , . , .
(merit bads) , .
(nonexludability) , .
(uncertainty) , , .
(imperfect competition) , , .
(nonrivalry) , ,
.
(depreciation) ( ).
(general equilibrium) , .
(community indifference curve, CIC) , , , .. .
(total product; TP) , .
oligopoly , , ,
oligopsony , , ,
, - (Pareto optimum) , --.
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ordinalism , , , . (. )
() (residual value) , ( , ).
(return of scale)
(increasing return of scale)
, ;
(decreasing return of scale) , .
(industry) , .
(voting paradox) , , .
- (Pareto non-comparability) , (. --) : , .
- (Pareto improvement) ( ), - .
(long-run) , ;
(short-run) , , ;
(immediate-run) , .
(personal distribution of income) .
(rent seeking) , , .
utility ,
total utility (TU)
marginal utility (MU) ,
average utility (AU)
(von Neumann-Morgenstern utility) , .
consumer goods basket ,
(marginal external benefit, MEB) , .
, (marginal revenue product; MRP) , .
marginal rate a/substitution (MRS) , , ,
(marginal rate of technical substitution; MRTS) , , .
(marginal rate of transformation, MRT) , , , .
(marginal social benefit, MSB) .
(marginal external cost, MEC) , .
(marginal resource cost; MRC) , .
(marginal factor cost; MFC) . .
(marginal social cost, MSC) .
(marginal expenditure; ME) . .
(marginal product; MP) , ;, (i-) .
supply
individual supply
supply curve
quantity of supply (Qs) ,
market (aggregate) supply
supply function for ^
supply function
supply price (Ps) ,
total profit
marginal profit ,
average profit
(profit; )
(accounting profit) ;
(normal profit) , , ;
(average product; ) .
(economic profit) , .
profit ()
(principal) , .
(principal-agent problem) . ( ), , .
(market failure) . .
product
total product (TP) ,
marginal product (MP) ,
average product ()
(production function) , .
() interest ,
compound interest , , .
simple interest ,
equilibrium of consumer , , equilibrium of producer
// stable (unstable) equilibrium , - , , , . . rationality
(scarcity) , .
(risk) , , . . , .
(moral hazard) .
(risk neutral) , , .
(risk-attracted) , , .
(risk-averse) , , .
(segmented market) , .
(, ) (present value; PV) () , () ().
[, ] present value () , ()
(signal) , .
(mixed goods) , , . : ( ) ( ) ( -).
perfect competition , , -
demand
demand demand function
demand curve
quantity of demand (QD) ,
market demand
demand price () ,
individual demand
individual demand
demand function for price
, (discount factor, discount rate) ( ), . r , .
stationarity ,
(subadditivity) , , ,
. f(x1 + x2 +...+ xn) ≤ f(x1) + f(x2) +...+ f(xn), , .
: f(x1, x2,..., xn) ≤ f(x1, 0,..., 0) + f(0, x2,..., 0) +...+ f(0, 0,..., xn).
consumer sovereignty
(numeraire) , . , . .
(median voter theorem) , , , .
good
Giffen good , ( )
inferior good , ,
normal good , ,
goods
complementary goods ,
substitute goods ,
, (transfer income) , , . , , .
transformation
(transfer earnings) , , .
(factor income) , .
(functional distribution of income) .
(social welfare function) , , . . ( ). , , (), - , , .
- (X-unefficiency) , , ( ) .
() (rental price) .
(price of capital asset) .
(value of marginal product; VMP) .
price discrimination , ,
( );
(quantity price discrimination) ( );
(perfect price discrimination) .
(partial equilibrium) , , .. , , .
(pure public goods) , - .
(pure private goods) , ; , . .
(exchange economy) , . , .
(economic rent) .
[homo oeconomicus] economic man , (. )
(economy of scope) , .
() demand (supply) elasticity
() cross elasticity ()
() income elasticity () ()
() () price elasticity ()
(income effect) (), .
substitution effect , .