: +1 +2. (Cu2O, CuCl, CuI ..) ( [Cu(NH3)2]+. Ÿ . +2, - . +3 +5. Cu(B11H11)23−, 1994 .
. , , . - , . , , , ,, . .
(I)
+1 Cu2O - . , . . +1 . , u+ d- . (I) :
2Cu+(.) → Cu2+(.) + Cu(.)
(I) , , . , (I)- [CuCl2]− . , (I):
CuCl(.) + Cl−(.) → [CuCl2]− (.)
(I) (I). , CuCl, CuBr CuI .
(I)
(II)
II . CuO Cu(OH)2, :
Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O
(II) :
(II) - (, . ). .
(II) , (., ).
(II) , , . (II) CuSO4∙5H2O, . (II) (YBa2Cu3O7-δ), .
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(III) (IV)
III IV , .
- .
.
, , .
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1.
2.
3.
, . , , . , , XVIXVIII . , , , ; . , .
, , , . ( ) - : 30-40 /² 25-29 /² . ( ) , . (900-12000 /² , ). ( ), . , , , , . , .
, , , - .
590880 , , , , ,