|
.
|
| |
−
|
1.
( − ).
MS − ( )
|
2.
( )
MS − ( )
| 3. .
MS .
MS ( ).
MS
ό (
), ( ).
| | Md:
| |
|
( MS)
| |
|
( MS)
|
| , , (MS).
| |
| ,
| |
|
| | ,
| :
− ;
−
| |
, .
.
| |
1= +
(, ) , ,
C + D
( ), .
| |
2= 1 + +
, .
| |
3= 2 +
; ; ;
(, , )
, .
| | | | |
|
| |
| |
| | XVI . " " ( 3 − 5 ). XVI − XVIII . : ., ., ., .. ..
| |
| | MS P,
∆M/M − ∆P/P
| | 1. : MV = PY
: V = V − const
1)
2)
( )
, . .
M Vconst
:
PY
M = -------
V
, MS PY (" ") : ↑ MS → ↑PY
| | , .
| |
( Y − const). (PY) . .. .
| |
| MS , Y
V
P = M ----- V − const
Y Y = Y* − const
|
|
( )
| |
∆M / M + ∆ V / V = ∆ P / P + ∆ Y / Y
| | ∆M /M
∆ V/V , V − const ∆V/V = 0
∆ P/P
∆ Y/Y ,
Y = Y* − const ∆ Y/Y = 0
| | ∆M /M ∆ P/P
|
| 2. . .
.
" "( ):
M = k×PY
K = ---- ( ),
V ( )
| |
| , (), k×PY
| |
|
(M/P)d = (1/V) ×Y = k ×Y
| | , Y.
| |
|
| 3. ., : , .
| |
|
i = r + πe
| |
, i
| ,
| |
, r
| ,
| |
(M/P)d = L(i, Y) L (r +πe, Y)
¯ + ¯ +
| | , , MS r, i πe.
| |
π i "1 × 1", .
| +
 M→ P P → i
| |
↑MS (1%)→ ↑π (1%)→ ↑i (1%)
|
|
|
(M/P)d = L (r, Y)
¯ +
| |
| (M/P)d = kY − hR
k,h −
|
|
| |
| | 1. ( )
| |
L = L(Y)
+
| ( );
| | :
1) ;
2) ό
:
− () ,
() Mdt;
− Mdt
.
| | . : M = k×PY ( ).
| |
L = L(r)
¯
|
( )
| |
|  .
= ---------------------------------
: ↑R → ↓ P → ↑ D (Mda) → ↓ Md
: ↓R → ↑ P → ↓ D (Mda) → ↑ Md
| |
L = (r, Y)
¯ +
|
|
|
| (M/P)d = L (r, Y)
¯ +
| | −
.
:
* Mdt ,
* MP − ;
−
.
. , .
:
*
( ),
* .
: , ,
: .
| | . : −
| | 2.
V :
(Mdt) V > 0
(Mda) V = 0, .. " − ".
""
"" .
| |
| V = V(r, MS)
+ ¯
| | ↑ MS → ↓ R → ↑ Mda → ↓ V
↓ MS → ↑ R → ↓ Mda → ↑ V
| | . :
MS .
| | | | |
| 3. MS
(" ") ,
:
↑ MS → ↓ R → ↑I (R) → ↑PY
↓ MS → ↑ R → ↓I (R) → ↓PY
|
| .
| |
| ;
;
| |
(M/P)d = L (Y, r, V)
+ ¯ ¯
|
|
| | Mdt
| Mda
| | −
;
−
(
)
| −
;
−
()
|
|
|
Md = Mdt + Mda
Md = L1(Y) + L2 (R)
+ ¯
, (M/P)S = (M/P)d. , .
|
|
|
− .
.
.
| | 70 . XX . , .. . " 1867 − 1960" (1963) 1976 .
| |
| | ( )
| |
| | " ":
,
| | 1. V .
,
.
2. " " . :
, .
3. ό
:
5 21
14
( ., 6-8 2 )
,
.
(MS).
4. " ":
MS
.
2.
" " . 70 . XX .
(""), , , ,
, ("") .
|
|
|
| |
| 1) ;
2) "" ("")
| | , . .
| |
" "
| ∆M/M > ∆Y/Y
∆M/M < ∆Y/Y
| | | | |
: 2016-11-02; !; : 426 |
:
:
1276 -  | 1255 - 
© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - - |
