Лекции.Орг


Поиск:




II. Переведите текст по своей специальности. Выполните задания по тексту




Computer Technologies

An Information-Processing Machine

 

I. A computer is a special kind of machine - a machine that processes information. Most personal computers look very much alike both on the inside and on the outside and they consist of both hardware and software. The hardware is the part of the computer you can touch. The software is the collection of programs that makes the computer work. You cannot see or touch software.

II. The hardware of a computer system consists of four main parts:

1. Input devices. These are designed to get information into a computer. Examples include a keyboard, microphone, digital camera, scanner, drawing tablet, and a mouse.

2. Storage devices. Internal storage is of two kinds. The computer uses temporary storage called RAM to hold the information being used during processing. Chips are partially or totally dedicated to this kind of storage. The computer uses long-term storage called ROM to hold information it needs each time the computer is used. The ROM chips receive their information before the computer is assembled. In addition, the computer uses external storage or storage that is not directly involved in information processing. Hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROM s, and tapes are all devices that hold information for long periods of time and it can be moved from this type of memory into the computer when needed.

3. Information processing. The computer has special integrated circuits that are designed to handle the processing of information. Of the many chips inside a computer, the microprocessor is the most complex and has the greatest amount of circuits. The microprocessor is the primary work area when information is being processed.

4. Output devices. The results of information processing must be access ed to be of value to the user. Examples of output devices are monitors, speakers, and printers.

III. The computer's microprocessor is an extremely versatile chip. As a user, you only have to change the instruction set you give the microprocessor - your choice of software - and your computer changes from being a word processor to a graphics machine to a sound editor or even to a games machine. The microprocessor helps with every task.

IV. Other information-processing machines exist that are much less versatile. These use an embedded processor - a processor given a limited set of instructions. Embedded processors are found in VCRs, electronic games, microwave ovens, remote controls, wrist watches and so on. These devices are only able to accomplish the tasks assigned to them by their designers. As a user, you can only use the device for whatever purpose it was intended.

 

I. Answer the questions:

1. What are computers used for?

2. What are the main components of computer system?

3. Which input devices do you know? What are they used for?

4. Which output devices do you know? What are they used for?

5. What are the types of computer memory? What is the difference between them?

6. What is the most complex and important part of computer system?

 

Management

The Money Market

The money market comprises the demand for money and the money supply. The equilibrium in the money market is such a state of balance when the demand for money from household and businesses is satisfied by the quantity of the money supplied. The equilibrium in the money market is reached by changing bond prices.

People can hold their wealth in various forms – money, equities and property. For simplicity we assume that there are only two assets: money, the medium of exchange that pays no interest, and bonds, which we use to stand for all other interest – bearing assets that are not directly a means of payment. As people earn income, they add to their wealth. As they spend, they deplete their wealth. How should people divide their wealth at any instant between money and bonds to gain the best profits possible and not to incur losses?

There is an obvious cost of holding money. The opportunity cost of holding money is the interest one would have gained if he (or she) had held bonds. It naturally follows that people will hold money rather than bonds only if there is a benefit to offset this cost, only if holding money is more profitable than holding bonds. It may happen only when interest rates on bonds are too low to make it profitable to hold bonds.

Suppose the money market is in equilibrium when the interest rate on interest - bearing assets is 6% and the amount of money demanded is € 200 mln. Now suppose the interest rate goes down, say, to 4%. In this case interest – bearing assets are no longer profitable as they can’t earn a sufficient return. Hence the demand for money will rise and lead to a temporary lack of money in the money market. If they lack money, households and businesses are likely to sell bonds they possess for cash. That will cause an increase in the bond supply which lowers bond prices and rises interest rates on interest – bearing assets. With a higher interest rate the amount of money people are willing to have in hand will decrease again. Consequently, the money supply will adjust to a current demand to reflect a new higher interest rate.

 

Answer the questions:

  1. What is the equilibrium in the money market?
  2. How is the equilibrium in the money market achieved?
  3. What are the various forms people can hold their wealth in?
  4. When will the demand for money rise and lead to a temporary lack of money?
  5. When are households and businesses likely to sell bonds they possess for cash?

Tourism





Поделиться с друзьями:


Дата добавления: 2016-11-02; Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!; просмотров: 731 | Нарушение авторских прав


Поиск на сайте:

Лучшие изречения:

Надо любить жизнь больше, чем смысл жизни. © Федор Достоевский
==> читать все изречения...

818 - | 658 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - Контакты - Последнее добавление

Ген: 0.013 с.