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The topic of the article is -
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The article under discussion is devoted to the problem -, ,
The author in the article touches upon the problem of - .
Id like to make some remarks concerning -
Id like to mention briefly that-
Id like to comment on the problem of -
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depicts -
touches upon -
explains -
introduces -
mentions -
recalls -
makes a few critical remarks on -
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description of -
statement -
introduction of -
the mention of -
the analysis of a summary of -
the characterization of -
(authors) opinion of -
authors recollections of -
the enumeration of -
The scene is laid in -
The opening scene shows (reveals) - ()
We first see (meet) (the name of a character) as - ( )
In conclusion the author
dwells on -
points out -
generalizes -
reveals -
exposes -
accuses/blames -
mocks at -
gives a summary of -
4. .
The author gives full coverage to -
The author outlines -
The article contains the following facts./ describes in details - . /
The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over to its possible solutions. - , .
The author asserts that - ,
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In conclusion the author says / makes it clear that/ gives a warning that - / , / ,
At the end of the story the author sums it all up by saying - ,
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In conclusion Id like to -
From my point of view -
As far as I am able to judge - .
My own attitude to this article is -
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, , () , () ().
(THE NOUN)
− , : who is this? ? what is this? ?
() (), () (), . .
, , (a school, a book) , (a teacher, childhood,unemployment). : -er, -or, -ar (driver, actor, liar),-ant, -ent (student,assistant), -ist (typist), -ment (government),-tion (education), -sion (decision), -ance (importance), -ity (activity), -ness (kindness), -th (truth).
.
. . . . he/she. . , , it, / / .
1. . s, -es.
2. .. , .
| -s [s] . | -s[z] ..,. | -es[iz] .,. |
| A cat-cats, a cup-cups | A bag-bags, a girl-girls | A rose-roses, a bus-buses |
3. ., . - s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch . es, [iz]: class-classes, bush-bushes.
4. . : . .
- y, , y i+ es (a property- properties);
- o, o+es (a hero-heroes);
-f fe, f v+es (a shelf-shelves)
: a man-men, a woman-women, a tooth-teeth, a foot-feet, a child-children, a mouse-mice, a goose-geese, an ox-oxen.
. . : news, trousers, shorts
. . : advice, knowledge, money, rain, information
. . , . ?
s ( -s) : our teacher's lectures
( ) : the students drawings
, , , . . , , . :
1. : a room temperature
2. . :
a physics teacher ,
the atomic energy conference
(THE ARTICLE)
. , .
. . .. . . , some, any. (This is a book. These are some books.)
:
1. , , (, ) , .(Byron is a poet and Scott is a novelist.)
2. , , (, ) . (An apple is a fruit.)
3. , . , .. an (one-). (Wait a minute!)
. . , :
1.
Where is the professor Ivanov? ?
2. .
The Moscow metro is the longest in the world. The first examination will be Physics.
3. (, , , , , )
The Pacific, the Black sea, the Volga, the Baikal, the Urals, the West
4. (the USA, the UK, the Ukrain)
5. . (the sun, the moon)
6. , (the Browns)
1.
2. , , .
3. ., (school, hospital), , (A new school will be built next year)
4. ., (I like milk.)
5. . . , ., . , (We are pupils.)
6 ., . ( ) ( ), . (The dog barks./Dog barks./ She is a pianist./ They are pianists/)
(THE ADJECTIVE)
− , . − , . , . − , . .
-ful: useful; -less: useless; -ous: famous; -al: formal; -able: eatable; -ible: visible.
un-: unhappy; in-: incomplete. ( l- in- il-, r- ir-, m- p - im-: illogical, irregular, immobile, impatient, and impossible.
: , .
:
1. er est ()
2. more most ( + y, -ow, -er, -le.
3. .
1. . e, er, -est e : large-larger-the largest
2. . , : big-bigger-the biggest
3. . y, , y I + -er/-est: dirty-dirtier-the dirtiest
4. , : gay-gayer-the gayest
( )
Good-better-the best
Bad-worse-the worst
Much (many)-more-the most
Little-less-the least
older-the oldest (- )
Old
elder-the eldest (- )
farther-the farthest ()
far
further-the furthest (, )
(THE ADVERB)
− , , . :
1. , : often, seldom, never.
2. , ly: easily, slowly, happily.
3. , : inside, sometimes, at last.
: (today, often, always), (outside, above, here), (well, fast, loudly), (very, almost, enough).
. er, -est + early (.). , ly, more/most. often, quickly, slowly .
Well better best
Badly worse worst
Little less least
Much more most
Far farther farthest (further furthest).
, . . , . , .
We often make experiments.
We have already made this experiment.
Tomorrow I shall go to the library.
(THE NUMERAL)
. .
? (how many?). (1-12), (13-19, ) ( , ).
hundred, thousand, million, , . . s.
, , , , , , , . . . .
? Which?
20, first, second, third, th. , , I -eth.
.
, , . , , , .
(THE PRONOUN)
, . , , , , .
. . .
| (Personal Pronouns) | , , . | I, you, he,she, it, we, you, they |
| (Possessive Pronouns) | . | Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs |
| (Reflexive Pronouns) | , , . | Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves |
| (Interrogative Pronouns) | . | Who, what, which . |
| (Demonstrative Pronouns) | - , , .. | This, that, these, those |
| (Relative Pronouns) | . | Who, whose, which, that . |
| (Indefinite Pronouns) | , , . | Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, . |
| (Reciprocal Pronouns) | , - , - . | Each other, one another |
(Personal Pronouns)
: , ; , .
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"I" . "he / she" ; "it" - , . "they" , .
. (Possessive Pronouns)
. , "", , . , , .
| Person | Pronoun | |
| 1st singular | my () | mine |
| 2nd | your (,) | yours |
| 3rd (female) | her () | hers |
| 3rd (male) | his () | his |
| 3rd (neutral) | its () | its |
| 1st plural | our () | ours |
| 3rd plural | their () | theirs |
, , ,
Julie's car is red. Mine is blue.
.
The dog wagged its tail.
It's is not a possessive pronoun or adjective it means it is:
It's not my dog.
. (Reflexive Pronouns)
, "-self (-selves )", . , , , , , , .
| Personal Pronoun | Reflexive Pronoun |
| I | myself |
| you (singular) | yourself |
| you (plural) | yourselves |
| he | himself |
| she | herself |
| it | itself |
| we | ourselves |
| they | themselves |
1. :
I hurt myself.( .)
The band call themselves Dire Straits.
He shot himself.
2.
I bought a present for myself.
She did it by herself. (She did it alone.)
That man is talking to himself.
3.
I'll do it myself. (No one else will help me.)- .
They ate all the food themselves. (No one else had any.)
. (Demonstrative pronouns)
. "this" , , "that" - ; "that" ", ". , .
| this | -, , | these | - |
| that | -, , | those | - |
This is my father. And that is my uncle.
. - .
I don't like these apples. .
They are too sour. .
This is not salt. It's sugar. . - .
(Indefinite Pronouns)
all, each, either, neither, both, some, any, no, none, much, many, little, few, other, one.
Some, any, no
, () , "some", - "any". - .
+ some- ,
? any- -
- no- ,
Take some glasses from that shelf. .
Pour some water in them. .
Don't take any books from the case. .
Have you got any money? - .
"any", , "", :
Take any cup you like. , .
"no" "" , :
There is no milk in the jug. .
He has no friends. () .
"some, any, no" : "somebody - anybody - nobody; something - anything - nothing; somewhere - anywhere - nowhere", , "some, any, no". , "-body", . , "-thing", .
There is somebody in the office. - .
Is there anybody at home? - ?
I saw nobody in the garden. .
There is something wrong with him. - .
He can do anything for you. , .
"nobody, nothing", "not" , .
Nobody knows anything about it. .
(Cardinal Pronouns)
