: .
________________________ ______________________
________________________ ____________________
.
-
. -
, . , , .
, - , - , - . , c = 3108/. : .
, :
= ( 1.1)
* = 1/, .
, , , = hv E = hc/. (1.2)
h = 6,626210-34 . 1 (1.2) : = hv = hc/
= 6,02251023 .
. , , . - .
1.1.
.
' |
' |
' |
- | () | () | . -. | ||||
λ, : 3103 0,3 610-4 810-7 410-7 510-9 10-13
λ*, -1 : 3,3310-4 3,33 1,67103 1,25106 2,5106 2108 1013
ν, -1: 105 109 51011 3,751014 7,51014 61016 31021
, /:39,810-9 39,810-5 0,19 149,79 299,16 23,93105 11,97108
, , , , . (10-8) , . .
|
|
, . , (1.2). , 1, 2.
. (, ) . , . .
, : , . . , .
1.2
, λ | ||
() | 0,6 ÷ 10 | ( ) |
() | ~3 | ( ) |
0,75 ÷ 3,75 | ( ) | |
(-) | 0,78 ÷ 25 | ( ) |
() | 400 ÷ 780 | |
(-) | 10 ÷ 400 | |
0,01 ÷ 10 |
, , .
. , . , , 3 1s22s1, 2s 2, 3s, 3, 3d .. , .
, , .
|
|
, , , . , , , , .
, . , , , (), () ():
= + = (1.4)
1÷4 , 1÷4 , ..:
>> >> (1.5)
, , , . , , , , , , .. , , , .
.
, , , , . , . . , , : , , -. , , , .
, , , . W L , , , WR = WR1 + WR1 , WS , WA WL , : W = WR + WS + WA + WL (2.1)
WA
W WL
WR1 WR
W , WA , WL, , WO, ( ), , . , , , 2 . . .
|
|
WL
W
L
W
WO
, cp, epa . oo ep , pay y cpa .
WL, npo , WO T:T=WL/WO (2.2)
-
D: D = -lg = -lgWL/WO= IgWo/WL (2.3)
, : D = lg100/ D = 2 - lg
λ. - - :
WL = Wo10-εLC. : D = IgWo/WL = ελLC (2.4)
- , L - , ελ -
, .
.
λ ν. , , , , λ, .
ελ
λ
λ
, - pa - , (2.4).