1940- . , , . American Psycho- logist ( 1981) , , , .
. - , -- , . , .
74 1. .
. , : MMPI, WAIS, - , , WISC, - , , . 1935 1982 . - .
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() - (). 15 , - . - , . , , , IQ. - . , , - ().
? , 20- (Spruill, 1987). - , , , - 16, 15. - , . - - , - IQ -. , , , , , - , .
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- . WAIS (WAIS-R,
1981). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-R)
1989 . 1700
1.3. XX . 75
3 7 3 , , - , .
- , - . (Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 1983) - . , . - , , .
1980- ., , - ,
1982 1989 . (Advances in The Psychology of Human Intelligence). - , - , , - , , - , , , , . , , - , , , . . - - (Human IntelligenceInternationalNewsletter, 1980-1987),- , - . - : - , (AbilityTesting:Uses, Consequences, and Controversies, 1982). - , . , - .
. 1989 . MMPI-2. MMPI, MMPI-2 . MMPI-2. , 15 - , , , ( 27 ). . - . MMPI-2 - . , MMPI - , , .
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76 1. .
- , : , , . , , ,
. 1930- . 9 % - , XX . . 49 % ! MMPI-2 14 % .
- . , - (, 1980), , , - , . , (. , - 1930- . . ), . -, - (1976), - , : - . - , (1985).
, . 1983-1984 . 300000 - - , 2000 . . 1970- . - , - , - , , - . - (Groth-Marnat Shumaker, 1989). , , . , , , , , , - . - , - .
1984 . , ,
(Test Critiques), , , . 1994 .
1985 . - - - .
1.3. XX . 77