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. : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)

(aggregate demand AD) (, , ) . :

, . . (consumption demand);

, . . I (investment demand);

, . . G (government spending);

, . . Xn (demand for net export).

:

AD = C + I + G + Xn.

, . , , . . . , , (.10.1). ( AD) , .

( ), ( , , . .), . . , ( ), . (1) (Y1) (. ), (2), (Y2) (. ).

AD :

( ) ú.

(), , ():

real money balances = /

, . , . . , . : , ( ) , , , , ( ) , . :

Ý à M/P ß à C ß à AD ß

. : , , . , , , ( ), . . . , , , , , , , , . :

Ý à MD Ý à R Ý à I ß à AD ß

, . , , ( ), , . , , , , . .

( ) á-é. : , , . , . , , . :

Ý à ß; Im Ý à Xn ß à AD ß

( ), .

, , . AD. , AD , , . , , :

- , :

(W wealth). , . . , . AD . .

(Yd disposal income). ( AD ).

(expectations). :

- (Yde expected disposal income). , , ( AD ).

- (pe expected inflation). , , ( ),

(Tx taxes). , , , AD .

(Tr transfers). , (. . ) . ,

(D debt). , , ( AD ).

(R interest rate). , , .

(N number of consumers). , .

, :

= (Yd, W, Yd e, pe, Tx, Tr, D, R, N)

+ + + + + - +

- , :

(E expectations). () , , ( ), . . , . . . , (animal spirit), . , . , . , , .

(R interest rate). . , . . , , , AD . .

(Y yield). , , . , , (induced investment).

(Tx taxes). () , . , , AD .

(Tr transfers). , , , .

(t technological progress). AD .

(Nexcess). , .

(0). , , . , .

:

I = I (E, R, Y, Tx, Tr, t, N excess, 0)

+ + + + -

- , :

, . . .

( AD ), .

- , :

(Y world). , , , .

(Ydomestic). , ( ), , , . AD .

(e exchange rate). ( ) , . . , (, 1 = 2 ). ( , 1 = 3 ) , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .

, , AD, , (. . ), AD.

: n = Xn (Y world, Y domestic, e)

+ -





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