. : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
(aggregate demand AD) (, , ) . :
, . . (consumption demand);
, . . I (investment demand);
, . . G (government spending);
, . . Xn (demand for net export).
:
AD = C + I + G + Xn.
, . , , . . . , , (.10.1). ( AD) , .
( ), ( , , . .), . . , ( ), . (1) (Y1) (. ), (2), (Y2) (. ).
AD :
( ) ú.
(), , ():
real money balances = /
, . , . . , . : , ( ) , , , , ( ) , . :
|
|
Ý à M/P ß à C ß à AD ß
. : , , . , , , ( ), . . . , , , , , , , , . :
Ý à MD Ý à R Ý à I ß à AD ß
, . , , ( ), , . , , , , . .
( ) á-é. : , , . , . , , . :
Ý à ß; Im Ý à Xn ß à AD ß
( ), .
, , . AD. , AD , , . , , :
- , :
(W wealth). , . . , . AD . .
|
|
(Yd disposal income). ( AD ).
(expectations). :
- (Yde expected disposal income). , , ( AD ).
- (pe expected inflation). , , ( ),
(Tx taxes). , , , AD .
(Tr transfers). , (. . ) . ,
(D debt). , , ( AD ).
(R interest rate). , , .
(N number of consumers). , .
, :
= (Yd, W, Yd e, pe, Tx, Tr, D, R, N)
+ + + + + - +
- , :
(E expectations). () , , ( ), . . , . . . , (animal spirit), . , . , . , , .
(R interest rate). . , . . , , , AD . .
(Y yield). , , . , , (induced investment).
(Tx taxes). () , . , , AD .
(Tr transfers). , , , .
|
|
(t technological progress). AD .
(Nexcess). , .
(0). , , . , .
:
I = I (E, R, Y, Tx, Tr, t, N excess, 0)
+ + + + -
- , :
, . . .
( AD ), .
- , :
(Y world). , , , .
(Ydomestic). , ( ), , , . AD .
(e exchange rate). ( ) , . . , (, 1 = 2 ). ( , 1 = 3 ) , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .
, , AD, , (. . ), AD.
: n = Xn (Y world, Y domestic, e)
+ -