Text_1A
EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states and eld a leading place in the world history.
The Slavonic written language came to Rus from Bulgaria in 9th century. Towards the end of this century the replacement of religious books in Greek for those in the Slavonic language began.
Between the 10th and 13th centuries Russians developed a high civilization, which formed the foundation of the Russian cultural threasures were accumulated. The written works of the time show that the level of knowledge on most natural phenomena was as high as that of Ancient Greence.
Monasteries were cultural and educational centres. They had large libraries and well-equipped book-making shop, in which not only church manuscripts were copied and translated but original books were written. Today we can confidently say that Ancient Rus was a state of high culture and knowledge.
2. In pre-revolutionary Russia there was a network of primary schools for common people. Nevertheless illiteracy among common people was very high. Well-off people taught thei children in grammar schools, commercial shools or secondary schools teaching no classics.
There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to those schools was limited. For example, at lycee where A.S. Pushkin studied the number of pupils ranged from thirty to one hundred. Only boys at the of 10 or 12 from noble families of high rank were admitted and studied there for six years. They were taught many different subject. The mos important were Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, physics, logic, law,rhetoric and such foreign languages as French, English, German and Latin. Great attention was paid to different arts and physical training: riding, swimming, fencing and dancing. The aim of this school was to bring up intelligent people in the broad sense of the word. Those who graduated from such educational institutions usually entered the service of their country to realize their abilities and knowledge to the benefit of their state.
3. The history of higher education in Russia goes back to 1755 when the first University was founded in Moscow on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and in accordance with his plan. Later, universities were opened in many other big cities of the country.
4. After the revolution in 1917, education was guaranteed to the Soviet citizens by the Constitution and was free of charge including higher education. Teaching at schools was carried out almost in all national languages. The system of education was the same throughout the country.
School attendance was compulsory for those between 7 and 15. Those who completed their secondary education and passed entrance examinations to higher education establishments received monthly grants if they did not fail in the examinations that they took at the end of each term. Higher school enducation lasted five years.
5. In 1991 the former fifteen republics of the Soviet Union became independent states. The Russian Federation, the biggest and most powerful of them began to develop as a democratic state. From the very start democratic reforms began to take place in many fields of life. Changes in political, economic and social conditions required changes in the system of education. Its aim is to prepare the growing generation for independent life and work in new conditions.
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New curriculums were introduced in schools such as "The World Around Us" for younger students and "Fundamentals of Information Science and Computer Engineering", "Ethics and Psychology of Family Life" for senior students. Along with state schools where education is free of charge there appeared many private schools, colleges, lycees, gymnasiums and different courses where students can study sciences and humanities including foreign languages.
6. At some schools the leavers are sent abroad to continue their education at Sorbonne in Paris, at the Universities of Great Britain, Garmany, USA and other countries.
After graduating from those Universities they return to to their country to work in different fields of national economy.
A former student of a Russian school said on his return home:
"I was surprised how much there is in common between Russian and Western young people - their love for entertainments and the same kind of music and their wish to know everything new. I hope there will be time when young people from abroad will also come to our country to study.
Such exchanges of students will undoubtedly result in better understanding among people which in its turn will bring greater stability to the whole world".
Text_1A
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Text_1B
HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF
If you go on an excursion to the Pavlov Biological Station at Pavlovo near St. Petersburg, you will see a very interesting monument there It is a monument to the dog. The dog, as you know, played a very important part () in all Pavlov's experiments. Pavlov wanted to thank the dog, so this monument was set up ().
Then, if you goto see Pavlov's room in which great scientist worked tor so many years, you will see another dog,* a toy one, standing on the bookcase. This toy dog has a very interesting history It comes from Cambridge, one of the oldest universities in the world.
Once a group of students stopped before the window of a toyshop ( ) in Cambridge and looked at the toy dogs there. "There's the thing we want," said one of them, and he pointed to a white dog m the shop window. They entered the shop and soon came out with the big white dog they had seen in the window Then laughing () and talking they went to their professor and showed the dog to him
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Hie professor did not understand what it was all about until one of the students told him about their plan to give Pavlov the present () of the toy dog.
"Where did you get the idea from?" asked the professor. "I think it's an excellent () one "
"We got it from the grandson of Charles Darwin, who is now a student here," they answered "When Darwin got his doctor's degree () at Cambridge, the students gave him a toy monkey (). That was how they showed mat they supported () his theory of the origin of man."
The next day was a great holiday at Cambridge. Thousands of students came to the University to see the foreign scientists receive their diplomas. The students watched the ceremony from the gallery.
It was Pavlov's turn () to receive his diploma. As he was going forward under the gallery, the students let the dog right down into his arms. He looked up, saw all die young smiling faces above him and understood that they wanted to show him that they supported his theory.
At that moment an old professor on the other side of the hall saidto his friend: "Look, the students are giving Pavlov a toy dog. Did you see Darwin get hisdiploma? So you remember () him standingthere with a toy monkey in hishands nearly forty years ago? History repeats itself, doesn't it?"
Text_1B
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