( *), .
* N25 N3, (.. , N25 ). , :
N3 + F = 2N3+ + F⎺.
− () , . = 8, . . , , -, . , .. >+3.
, IIIIV .
III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | |
()3 | ()4 | N()5 | ||||
Si()4 | ()5 | S()6 | l()7 | |||
i()4 | V()5 | r()6 | n()7 | |||
G()4 | s()5 | S()6 | r()7 | |||
Zr()4 | Nb()5 | ()6 | Ru()8 | |||
Sn()4 | Sb()5 | ()6 | I()7 | |||
f()4 | ()5 | W()6 | R()7 | s()8 |
+3 +4 N+5 .
( 2).
− =:
, :
3- : , . (+4 Si+4, N+5 +5) . , - (2Si3 3), - (4Si4 34). 3- :
Si(OH)4 ≡ H4SiO4
P(OH)5 H2O PO(OH)3 [H3PO4]
S(OH)6 2H2O SO2(OH)2 [H2SO4]
Cl(OH)7 3H2O ClO3(OH) [HClO4]
.. .
- , . 4- (G, s, S, r) , 3- (Si, , S, l), SiG, Юs, SS, lr . d- - 4- 3d-. 4G4, 3s4 (12), 2S4 (22) r4 (32). - 5- . 24 66 (()6 ). I4 5I6 1 I()7.
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, - , ()n . , 2-.
: . 3d- -: 2i3 (12), V3 (22), 2r4 (22) n4 (32). , . d- 5- 6- - -: 4Zr4, 3Nb4 (12). +8 , Ru()8 4 , Ru4. d- 6- ( 4f4 ):
()5 2 34;
W()6 22 2W4;
Re()7 32 R4;
s()8 42 s4.
.
, ()n, m()n, m = 0÷4, n = 0÷6 . m = 0 ()n , , (.. ) , . , N, g()2, l()3, Si()4. ()n (m = 0) , .
m()n (m ≠ 0) . , , , −, . , m ( ) . n , :
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m()n = + + [m()n−1]⎺
:
()n (m = 0) (33, l, 66).
()n (m = 1) (l2, N2, 23).
2()n (m = 2) (N3, 2S4)
3()n (m = 3) (l4)
- . , N2 N(), N3 N2(), 2S3 S()2 2S4 S2()2.
Mn()2, Mn()3, Mn()4, 3Mn4 (Mn()3), 2Mn4 (Mn2()2), Mn4 (Mn()3) ()n n , Mn3()), m . Mn()3 Mn()4 . , , .
- , - , . - . , , . . , n()2 u()2 . , , .
, N3 . N3 , l4 2S4:
N3 + l4 = 3+ + N2+ + 2l4⎺
N3 + 2S4 = 3+ + N2+ + 2S4⎺
.
, - , .
: F()2 = F()+ + ⎺ | : 2 + 22 + 2⎺ = [()6]2− | , : S2 + 2 ⇄ S3⎺ + + |
(): N + q = N+q + ⎺ | : Zn()2 + + = Zn() + + 2 | , : S3 + 2 S42− + 2+ |
, : G()2+ + 2 G()3 [G()6]3− |
M+x(OH)X ⎺
, - ( )
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1.
1.1. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2;
1.2. BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2;
1.3. NaH + H2O NaOH + H2;
1.4. 2NaCl () 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2;
1.5. K2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2KOH; Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2NaOH.
2.
2.1.
CuCl2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + Cu(OH)2;
ZnCl2 + 2NH3H2 2NH4Cl + Zn(OH)2;
. , .
: AlCl3 + 3KOH Al(OH)3 + 3KCl;
Al(OH)3 AlCl3 + 6KOH K3[Al(OH)6] + 3KCl;
AlCl3 + 3NH3H2 Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl , .
2.2. : NH3 + H2O NH3H2;
:
(NH4)2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2NH3H2.
2.3. Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2.
1.1. :
; ;
1.2. :
2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O;
KOH + CO2 KCO3;
Ba(OH)2 + SO3 BaSO4 + H2O.
1.3. ( ):
KOH + HCl KCl + H2O;
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O;
NaOH + H2SO4 NaSO4 + H2O;
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O;
1.4. :
2KOH + 2CuSO4 K2SO4 + [Cu(OH)]2SO4;
2KOH + CuSO4 K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2;
NaOH + FeCl3 Fe(OH)Cl2 + NaCl;
2NaOH + FeCl3 Fe(OH)2Cl + 2NaCl;
3NaOH + FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl;
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O.
1.5. (Cl, S, Si, P)
6KOH + 3Cl2 (t) 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O;
2KOH + Cl2 KCl + KClO + H2O;
Si (.) + 4NaOH (.) Na4SiO4 + 2H2;
4 + 8NaOH (.) + 42O = 4Na2(PHO3) + 62 (.);
4 + 3NaOH (.) + 32O (.) (t) 3Na(PH2O2) + PH3;
24 + 3()2 (.) + 62O = 3(2O2)2 + 2PH3 (70).
1.6. (Al, Zn)
2Al + 2KOH + 6H2O 2K[Al(OH)4] + 2H2
1.7.
l2O3 + 2NaOH (., .) + 32O 2Na[Al(OH)4];
l2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 2O (9001100);
l()3 + NaOH (.) Na[Al(OH)4].
1.8. . . .
2Li Li2O + 2O (8001000, 2).
()2 + 2O (780800).
2.
2.1. ( ):
Cu(OH)2 + HCl Cu(OH)Cl + H2O;
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O;
Cu(OH)2 + 2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + CuSO4 + 2H2O;
2.2. .
u()2 () u + 2 (4080);
u()2 u + 2 (200);
Fe2O3∙n2O 2FeO(OH) + (n1)2O (200250),
Fe2O3∙n2 Fe2O3 + n2O (500700).
2.3. - .
4Fe(OH)2 () + O2 () 4FeO(OH)¯ + 2H2O (.);
4Cu(OH)2 + N2H4H2O 2Cu2O¯ + N2 + 72 (.).
2.4.
u()2 + 4(N32) [.] [Cu(NH3)4]()2 + 42;
2Cu(OH)2 + NaEO + 2NaOH (.) + H2O 2Na[Cu(OH)4] + NaE (E = Cl, Br);
l()3 + NaOH (.) Na[Al(OH)4].
HX+1R−x
, +( ).
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1.1. ( , )
H2 + Cl2 2HCl;
H2 + S H2S.
1.2. .
SO2 + H2O ⇄ H2SO3;
SO3 + H2O H2SO4.
1.3. :
CuSO4 + H2S CuS¯ + H2SO4;
FeS + H2SO4 H2S + FeSO4;
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl¯ + HNO3.
1.4. - .
H2O + SO2 + H2O H2SO4 + H2O;
3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO.
2.1.
2.1.1.
; ;
2.1.2.
) - , ,
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2.
) - ,
Cu + 2H2SO4 (.) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
2.1.3.
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O;
2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O;
2HNO3 + Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O.
2.1.4. :
2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O;
2H2SO4 + Na2[Zn(OH)4] Na2SO4 + ZnSO4 + 4H2O.
2.2.
2.2.1. - .
16HCl + 2KMnO4 5Cl2 + 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O;
H2S + Br2 S + 2HBr;
H2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl.
2.2.2. .
H2SO4 (.) 2O + SO3 (450).
2I ⇄ 2 + I2 ( 200º)
. 17 . . .