. , , .
: 1) ; 2) , , , ., 3) 1- . . .:
1. anticipate a little, these data prove that...
, ( ),
, ...
, , ...
; , ...
2. Galileo, Newton, Huygens to mention only the most
prominent men of science were the founders of classical
mechanics.
, , .
:
to anticipate , -
, ...
to be sure ,
to begin with , ...; -
;
needless to say ; -
;
not to mention ...
to mention only (one) ;
to put (it) in another
way
to put it more exactly
to say the least ;
to say nothing of
so to say
suffice it to say , ...
to sum up ( ),
,
to summarize , -
, ...
that is to say ,
to tell the truth
to take an example ;
, :
1. sum up, there are two features of atomic structure
which we must bear in mind.
2. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is
the result of a flow of electric charges.
3. To take an example, let us go back to the dry ceil
which has been described earlier in this chapter.
4. To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been
made in the last few decades.
5. Uranium, thorium and radium to mention only
a few of the series all are radioactive.
6. To go back to the analogy of the solar system,
the electrons revolve around the nucleus like planets around
the sun.
7. Electricity and magnetism are the same thing seen from
different points of view, or, to put it in another way, they
are both names for the way in which everything behaves
when we examine sufficiently closely.
,
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,
(. 2, 3, 15):
1. illustrate, Figure 2 gives the energy level diagram of potassium.
2. To obtain the field effective in polarizing the molecule
we must subtract the field due to this molecule.
3. To sum up this chapter, gas theory enables us to
determine some of the properties of molecular exterior.
4. To put Francis Bacon's words into modern terms,
molecules rush about, and are continually colliding with each
other.
5. To consider the special properties of matter in the
colloidal state would be outside the scope of this book.
6. To anticipate a little, the evidence supports the view
that the cathode rays consist of swiftly moving, negative
electrons.
, . , . 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 1315:
I
1. define exactly what is meant by the total heat in
a body is at present still not possible.
2. We make things of aluminium so as to reduce their
weight.
3. The effect is too small to be detected.
4. The object to be examined is placed on one side of
the lens.
5. The first isotope of plutonium to be made was Pu238.
6. Many of the drops were small enough to fall slowly
with constant velocity.
7. The data to be noted are: temperature and volume of
the gas under test.
8. The earthquake caused the layers to be removed.
9. The velocity of alpha-particles is so great as to be
comparable to the velocity of light.
10. Many examples of this anomalous behaviour are to
be found in literature.
11. The benefit to be derived from radioisotope traces
has been widely recognized.
II
12. The phototubes used in this work are designed in
different ways according to the particular measurement to
be made.
13. It has been found convenient to introduce a special
unit in which to measure amounts of radioactive material.
14. Helium which was the last gas to be liquified, freezes
at about -- 272 C.
15. To give a short review of well-known facts, the sun
is a sphere consisting of hot ionized non-degenerate gas,
mainly hydrogen.
16. The beta-particles have such small momentum and
energy, as to be easily deflected in their encounters with gas
atoms.
17. The function of the neutrons in the nucleus is evidently
to overcome the repulsive force that exists between the
protons.
18. The optical spectra, shortly to be described, and X-ray
spectra are each attributed to the external electrons of atoms.
19. To sum up, let us collect our ideas about the way
in which an electric current can flow.
26. For the determination of the gamma-ray activity there is one factor to be taken into account the efficiency of the Geiger counter.
21. In his immortal "Experimental Researches in
Electricity" Faraday had been the first to use the term "ion".
22. Neutrons (especially slow ones) can serve as particles
with which to bombard nuclei and make them radioactive.
23. To go back again to the analogy of a map, potential
may be compared to the heights above sea-level marked on
the map.
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24. Several observations may be cited to illustrate the
difficulties to be borne in mind in any study of devitrification
kinetics.
18. "for + () + " (for-phrase)
, -
for, , , .
"for + + " ( ).
, for , () for . , . . , :
1. For a force to exist there must be two objects involved.
( ,
? (. 3)).
cilw, ,
.
2. The temperature was too low for the substance to
decompose.
( too (. 3)).
,
( ).
,
.
3. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.
(
be (. 5)).
, ( ).
4. It is for him to decide.
( be, (. 6)). .
5. It is possible for the reaction to occur.
(
).
, . .
. :
It is necessary for the reaction to be accelerated. .
6. The only conclusion for him to make was the following.
(
(. 10)).
, { ), .
7. The tendency for the substance to become ionized at
high temperatures was investigated.
( tendency (. 10, 2)).
( ) .
, "for + () + ":
1. The tendency is for the molecule to become agitated.
2. For an observation to be of service two facts must be
known.
3. In order for two molecules to react they must be in
contact.
4. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to
become heated.
5. Under what conditions will the reaction proceed
sufficiently rapidly for the method to be practicable?
6. Here is one more important point for the speaker to
explain.
7. It is not usual for the phosphatic uranium minerals to
be used as a commercial source for uranium.
8. Rusting represents the naturel tendency for the iron to
revert from the unstable condition.
9. Two conditions must be met for ductile fraction to
occur.
10. The time taken for equilibrium conditions to be set
is small.
11. A slow molecule is a nearly stationary target for other
molecules to hit.
