***
--
-
! ..
-137- . . ( 200- - ) . -
1)- : " , XIV XV , . ( ) , () (????) , , , - : , , , "... ..
( )- "" , , /// ?/// "" "" !
() - , - , , , , , , .. = ""!?)
1.- - "" "" .. , , =! ( ?)
2- - - - -200 , 400 , 800 - " !! , !- ! ( - ? ? )
= -"" !
/// - "" ? - ""???///
, - .. .. -
)- !? ) ? ? )- !
!-!
2-
: " () : , , , , ( , ) . - . ."
/// !!!!! !!!!! !!!///
?
1)- , , !
- ! ?- ? ?
|
|
|
)- ? ) ? ? )- !?
! !
:-"
̨ !!!!!!!!!
(
! ?
?
- " " !
3- : " XVIII XIX . - - .
"+" + ! ! (.- ")
!
1
"" ! ?! - , 4- - ( ) -" " .. :-
1- -? ! - "" ?
2- "" - - =. = !
() ?
"" ( -!) "" .
- - " !! - !?
!?
? - ""
- .
, . ! " "- ! ( ) !
.
- "-" " " 1- 2- 3- , 4- , 5- 6- 7- = - 8)- !!!
! !-
- 9)- = +
|
|
|
?+?
.. -
̨++
1)- - " , - () )- , -)- , )-
=!?
" ( ?) () - )- )- )- )- - (-? -? -?)
?
?
( "" ?)
.. - ------, (-"") ?
! "" - (, ) ) - ? -? , - ? = " "
)- , "" ? - ( ) ?
)- ? -" !" "" !?
( υ - ? )
) - ! ! .
"" ! "" .. "" -++..
, ..
- ! , , , .
***
=
, , , . 120 + +, ( ) , .. Ѩ !
( - ר )
,
,
1654 . . . " "- - " "( )- (+)
, . "" . , -
, !
++!?
! !
"" " "
( , , ..)
!-
|
|
|
""=
? //!- !? ? ?///
1679. .12 . - ..
: ,- , .. (?) "" "" ? "" ? - " " "" ! // ?///
1683. 2 - - ""
()
!!!
/// , -"" "" !?///
1684- ! , 22 1684 . ܻ ܻ, , .
1686- 19 , (!!! !!!), . , . ..
! !!! ( - ""!)
1686 - 1725.ϸ 1 3()
!
(1- 22 1691, 16 1692, 14 1694.)
1701- ϸ 1( 8 ) :- "" - , , (!) ! !!!
1719- =!
1719. ( ) 30 . , "" 2)- " " 3)- " " - .."
:- " "" "" ; "" , (!!!) . ( )
!!!!!!!!
""!!!=
- - ?
1772- 29 . "" .
1743 - 17 - - , .
1743 23 , .
|
|
|
***
1797- 1- 20 1797 . :-
" "
3000 .
/// - , (=2 !) !///
- -1 = ?
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1761-1762 ϸ-III ( ϸ -I)
- 1 1
1762-1796 = 2
- c.
1796-1801 2
1
( - )
1801-1825 3 1
* * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
-I , , , .
.
.
, , ( ) , . ( ) , . . . ,- "".
, -I - ( ""!?) ?
=!?
= ?
! - 1 = 3000 " ". -
! "+"-" =19 !
"-" ! ! !
! ! -, ""!!!!
= !
! ! - ! "!?"
! - (. 1367- ) () - ()
1- : - = !
- , !. - ( 1861) - - - - ""! -?
" " .. () "" - ?- != :-
1)-- , 2)- , 3)- 4) 5)- ! 6)-
- !
( !!!)-
III- , , 10 2- 1- .. -
- !?
? ?..
1888.- !
: "... , , , , , , , "...
" , , ."
|
|
|
(- ) ! 1897 , 75 %
( - )
, ..
***
, "" -
I = ! Ѩ !
- ..
!
1)- ! !=
(7) -- ..
2) - "" 2 - -- . ( 13 )
" "
! !
" " = " " ("--" = " "), !- - ""
"" , .. ! = - .. ( )
3)- 2 " " 1)- "" 2)- "".. -
" , . , , , --, , , "
- ( - ..)-
" - , . , , , . - . , , , , , ( , ), , . - , , , : . .. ""..
, ..- ! - " .." :- 2)--, 3)--,4)- -
- . - " "
:
".. ; , , , , , , , . . , , - , , , , ; , , . : . Ce ."
II- !- "" ?
"" ?
"" .. , .. , , , , , , , , ....
, :- , , , , , ..
- "- "!?
***
= !
( )
, .. "" !?, () 2. - .. 1791-1793 . - - II. 1793 . , 1794 . -. 1802-1803 .
, , . -
.
! = - , :- Ļ.
. "" - - , -, - .. ( .. - ): - - .., - - . , : , .
( - )
"" () - "" - =""
// ///
""
- !? - " = , ?
- , , , :- : , , ..; : , . , , , .. .
:-
, , ,
-
5)- - - :- , , , , .
6) - : = , , .. : ( ),
= - ..
: - , - , - - , - . -
$$$ ! ! $$$
, -
, (7-) !
..
! Ѩ
- =
..
***
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
II
- ..
!
=?
- =
=! !
I
1890 - 1916
!-
-
=
.-:
% 2,5
19 ""!?
""
* * *
, , 18 - 19
