, , . , , : , , , ( ), ( ), , . , .
, . ( ), ( ). , , . . ( ), .
.
(nominal GDP) , (current prices), . : .
(real GDP) , () (constant prices), . , , . (, 1990 . 2000. 2000. , 1990 . ).
:
= /
YR = YN / P (2.1.)
- , (price index).
,
YNt = Spti gti (2.2.)
, ,
YRt = Sp0gti (2.3.)
( 100%).
t () , 0 - , pit - , , , pi0 - , git - () , , , gi0- () .
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, (, ..).
( ), :
( %) = ( %) - ( %), ..:
rYR ( %) @ rYN( %) - rP( %) (2.4.)
, 7%, 4%, 3%. , - 10%, ( ). .
(), () .
- (consumer price index - CPI), , y, . 300-400 y.
- (roduct price index - PPI), ( ) , , 3200 . [10]
, () , .. (IL) - ( ):
= IL = (S pti gi0 ÷ S pi0 gi0) × 100% (2.5.)
(GDP deflator) , . (Ip) - () , :
= IP = (S pti gti ÷ S pi0 git) × 100%. (2.6.)
,
= ( ÷ ) × 100%
, , 100%, - . , ( , , ) .
, ( - ), :
- , , , ;
- , - , ;
- , , .
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(, ) , :
p = (( t - t 1) ÷ t 1) × 100% (2.7)
t , (t 1) .
(j) , :
j = ((t - t 1) ÷ t 1) × 100% (2.8.)
, . :
- -, ( , , (, , () , () . , ( ) , . ( ), ,
- -, . , , . , , , , , "". , , .
, ( ) "" , :
IF = Ö IL × IP (2.9.)
, ( , ) , , , . , .. > 1, . u ( ). , .. < 1, . ( ). , - , () (). [12], [16]
:
1. .
, , .. , , , . , , , . . , - , , , , , , .
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2. ( ).
. : (1) (); (2) (Ig); (3) (G); (4) (NX), . ,
= C + Ig + G + NX (2.10.)
3. ( ).
. , , (, , , ), . , , . :
= W + Q + R + P + T (2.11.)
W , , , ;
Q ;
R ;
P ;
T ( ).
. . . - , , - , - .
, . - . - 20-40 . , , , . [14], [18]
, , : , . , . , , , .
, ( ), . -, : - , .. . -, , . . -, (, ), . -, .
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, , , : ( ); ( ); ( ); ( ).
(consmption spending - ) - . 2/3 . :
- - , ( , - 1 5 - );
- , (, , .), , , ;
- ( , ).
, , ( ) .
(investment spending - 1) - , .. , . :
- , ( );
- , , , ;
- (-) , : , , , ; ( ), .
(fIxed investment).
(inventory investment) , - , , . o- , . ( , , ), . , , . [11]
( ) (, , ) - . , (, , , ..), , . (gross private domestic investment).
, .
, , . , , (capital nsumption allowances) - .
(net investment - Inet) , . , . , , . , .. , , , . , , , . , . , .. , .
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= + + .
(gross investment - Igross) , :
= + ( );
Igross = Inet + A (2.12.)
. - .
(private investment), .. , (governent investment). , .
, (domestic investment), .. , ( ) (foreign investment), . [17]
(govemment spending - G)
:
- , , -, , , , , , -, () ;
- , .. .
(government spending) (govemment spendings). , , , , , .
(net export - ) (export - ) (import) : = Im.
,
= + Igross + G + . (2.13.)
:
(), .. .
- :
- (wages) (salaries) - , : , , .. x , , , ;
- , , (rental payments) - , , ( , ). , a , , . ;
- , , (percent payments) - , , ( ). , , , - , ;
- (profits) - . - :
, () , (, ) ; (proprietors' income), , ( ). (corporate profits) : , , n , .
( , , ) .
, , ( ), :
(indirect business taxes), . , , , . - , , , . , , , , ; ( ), , .
, .
, - () (). , .
, = + + + + + + - .
:
:
= .
, , , , , , .. . [13], [19], [20]