: ( ), , . , . . . IS LM.
, (I = S), (L = M). , IS, LM.
IS 4 , : (i), (I), (S) (Y) (. 12.2).
. : , . 45º. , . , : , .
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i |
I (i) |
I = S |
S (Y) |
a |
' |
" |
A |
b |
B |
IS |
I |
II |
III |
IV |
. 12.2. IS |
I |
Y |
S |
IS : . , , a. . , '.
' . ' ''.
() , . '' . A (), .
B , , . , IS. IS , . , , , .
|
|
: L = M. , . : . , . : .
LM.
LM 4 . (i), (M), (Y), (M) (. 12.3).
, , : , . , . , , , . , . , : , .
B |
i |
M |
M |
Y |
a |
a' |
LM |
A |
. 12.3. LM |
b' |
b" |
B |
b |
, , , . . , . a , , .
- , . ( IV) '' . '' , . A .
B , . , LM. LM , . , , .
IS LM , . (. 12.4). , , .
|
|
i |
Y |
IS |
LM |
E |
. 12.4. ISLM |