2, 7
1
:
( 34)
..
1. . ................ 4
2.
) ......... 5
) ......... 9
3. ........................... 12
4. ....................... 13
5. ......................... 15
, 1 .
n | P1, 105 | t1, 0C | |||||
1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4-1 | ||||
k | ¥ | 1,35 | ¥ | 2,1 |
:
1. P, u, T, U, h, S .
2. DU, Dh, DS, q, l, l¢; DU/q= j; l/q=y.
3. l , ... pi.
4. P,u; T,S.
5. :
) c ¹ f (t);
) c = f (t).
1-2 (n = k);
2-3 (n = ¥);
3-4 (n =1,35);
4-1 (n = ¥).
. , .
: mCV = ;
CV = / (×).
: mCP= ;
CP= =1004, 45 / (×).
: R . = /(×).
P, u, T Pu=RT .
T1=273, 15+450C=318,15
u1= =0,913 3/
1-2:
Puk = const
(k=1,4 )
P1u1k = P2u2k Þ Þ P2 = =105× 4k=105 × 41,4=6,96×105
P= =
=553, 93 K
u2=u1/4=0,913/4=0,228 3/
P2u2=RT2, 158688=158977,91
D%1,002
: u2=u3=0,228 3/, u1=u4=0,913 3/.
2-3, :
553,93×2,1=1163,25
P3=P2×2,1=6,96×105×2,1=14,62×105
P3u3=RT3, 333336=333852,75
D%1,002
3-4:
|
|
Pun = const
P3u3n=P4u4n Þ =2, 25×105
=715,79
P4u4=RT4, 205425=205431, 73
D%1
U, h, S , . t0=00C, P0=760 . . , , :
U=CVT
U1=717, 46×T1=717,46×318,15=228,26 /
U2=717, 46×T2=717,46×553,93=397,42 /
U3=717, 46×T3=717,46×1163,25=834,59 /
U4=717, 46×T4=717,46×715,79=513,55 /
h=CpT
h1=1004,45×T1=1004,45×318,15=319,57 /
h2=1004,45×T2=1004,45×553,93=556,39 /
h3=1004,45×T3=1004,45×1163,25=1168,43 /
h4=1004,45×T4=1004,45×715,79=718,98 /
S=Cp ln
S1=1004,45×ln(T1/273,15)-287×ln(P1/1,013)= 1004,45×ln(318,15/273,15)-
-287×ln(1/1,013)=153,18-(-3,71)=156,89 /(×)
S2=1004,45×ln(T2/273,15)-287×ln(P2/1,013)= 1004,45×ln(553,93/273,15)-
-287×ln(6,96/1,013)=710,16-553,13=157,03 /(×)
S3=1004,45×ln(T3/273,15)-287×ln(P3/1,013)= 1004,45×ln(1163,25/273,15)-
-287×ln(14,62/1,013)=1455,4-766,14=689,26 /(×)
S4=1004,45×ln(T4/273,15)-287×ln(P4/1,013)= 1004,45×ln(715,79/273,15)-
-287×ln(2,25/1,013)=967,65-229,03=738,62 /(×)
P, 105 | u, 3/ | t, 0C | T, K | U, / | h, / | S, /(×) | |
0,913 | 318,15 | 228,26 | 319,57 | 156,89 | |||
6,96 | 0,228 | 280,78 | 553,93 | 397,42 | 556,39 | 157,03 | |
14,62 | 0,228 | 890,1 | 1163,25 | 834,59 | 1168,43 | 689,26 | |
2,25 | 0,913 | 442,64 | 715,79 | 513,55 | 718,98 | 738,62 |
DU, Dh, DS
:
DU=U-U=V(T-T)
DU1-2 = V (T2-T1)=717,46(553,93-318,15)=717,46×235,78=169,16 /
DU2-3 = V (T3-T2)=717,46(1163,25-553,93)= 717,46×609,32=437,16 /
DU3-4 = V (T4-T3)=717,46(715,79-1163,25)= 717,46×(-447,46)= -321,03 /
DU4-1 = V (T1-T4)=717,46(318,15-715,79)= 717,46×(-397,64)= -285,29 /
:
Dh=h-h=p(T-T)
Dh1-2= p(T2-T1)=1004,45(553,93-318,15)=1004,45×235,78=236,83 /
Dh2-3= p(T3-T2)=1004,45(1163,25-553,93)=1004,45×609,32=612,03 /
Dh3-4= p(T4-T3)= 1004,45(715,79-1163,25)= 1004,45×(-447,46)= - 449,45 /
Dh4-1= p(T1-T4)= 1004,45(318,15-715,79)= 1004,45×(-397,64)= - 399,41 /
:
DS= S-S= Cpln
DS1-2= S2-S1=157,03-156,89 = 0,14 /(×)
DS2-3= S3-S2=689,26-157,03 = 532,23 /(×)
DS3-4= S4-S3=738,62-689,26 = 49,36 /(×)
DS4-1= S1-S4=156,89-738,62 = -581,73 /(×)
DU, / | Dh, / | DS, /(×) | ||
1-2 | 169,16 | 236,83 | 0,14 | |
2-3 | 437,16 | 612,03 | 532,23 | |
3-4 | -321,03 | - 449,45 | 49,36 | |
4-1 | -285,29 | - 399,41 | -581,73 | |
- |
q, l, l¢, j, y
: q=DU+l= V (T-T);
|
|
: q1-2=0 (n=k);
: q2-3=DU= U3-U2=834,59-397,42=437,17 (l=0),
q4-1=DU= U1-U4=228,26-513,55= -285,29 (l=0);
: q3-4= V (T4-T3);
q3-4=717,46 (715,79-1163,25)=(-102,49)×(-447,46)=45,86 /;
: ;
: (318,15-553,93)=
=717,5×(-235,78)= -169,17 /;
: l2-3=0; l4-1=0 (n=¥);
: l3-4= =
=366,92 /;
() : l¢=- ;
: l¢1-2= (318,15-553,93)=
=1004,5×(-235,78)= -236,84 /;
: l¢2-3= -u (P3-P2)= -0,228(14,62-6,96)105= -174,65 /,
l¢4-1= -u (P1-P4)= -0,913(1-2,25)105=114,13 /;
: l¢3-4= =
=1107×447,46=495,34 /;
:
;
q, / | l, / | l¢, / | j | y | |
1-2 | -169,17 | -236,84 | - | - | |
2-3 | 437,17 | -174,65 | |||
3-4 | 45,86 | 366,92 | 495,34 | -7 | |
4-1 | -285,29 | 114,13 | |||
197,74 | 197,75 | 197,98 | - | - |
l, ht, pi
:
l = l - l ;
, l=q1-q2=q-q.
:
l=l1-2+l2-3+l3-4+l4-1 l=q1-2+q2-3+q3-4+q4-1 l¢= l¢1-2+ l¢2-3+ l¢3-4+ l¢4-1
, .. . .
l =-169,17+0+366,92+0=197,75;
... ,41%
,73%
()
.
.
P, u, T Pu=RT . . c=f(t), k=Cp/CV=f(t) . .
1:
T1=273,15+450C=318,15
u1= =0,913 3/
1-2:
t1=450C (T1=318,15 K) q01=5475,
t22750C (T2 548,15 K)
u2=u1/4=0,913/4=0,228 3/
p01=1,70465,
p0211,723,
=6,88×105
P2u2=RT2, 156864=157319,1
D%1,003
: u2=u3=0,228 3/, u1=u4=0,913 3/.
2-3:
P3=P2×2,1=6,88×105×2,1=14,45×105
2,1×548,15=1151,12
P3u3=RT3, 329460=330371,44
D%1,003
3-4:
P3u3n=P4u4n Þ ×105
=1151,12×0,615=707,94
P4u4=RT4, 203599=203178,78
D%0,998
U, h, S ().
P, 105 | u, 3/ | t, 0C | T, K | U, / | h, / | S, /(×) | |
0,913 | 318,15 | 227,1 | 318,45 | 6,7611 | |||
6,88 | 0,228 | 548,15 | 395,45 | 552,8 | 7,3147 | ||
14,45 | 0,228 | 877,97 | 1151,12 | 889,6 | 1219,95 | 8,1298 | |
2,23 | 0,913 | 434,79 | 707,94 | 518,75 | 721,95 | 7,5854 |
DU, Dh, DS
:
DU=U-U
DU1-2=U2-U1=395,45-227,1=168,35 /
DU2-3=U3-U2=889,6-395,45=494,15 /
DU3-4=U4-U3=518,75-889,6= -370,85 /
DU4-1=U1-U4=227,1-518,75= -291,65 /
|
|
:
Dh=h-h
Dh1-2=h2-h1=552,8-318,45=234,35 /
Dh2-3=h3-h2=1219,95-552,8=667,15 /
Dh3-4=h4-h3=721,95-1219,95= -498 /
Dh4-1=h1-h4=318,45-721,95= -403,5 /
:
DS= S0-S0-Rln (P/P)
DS1-2= S02-S01-R ln(P2/P1)= 7,3147-6,7611-0,287×ln(6,88)=0,5536-0,5535=
=0,0001 /(×)
DS2-3= S03-S02-Rln(P3/P2)= 8,1298-7,3147-0,287×ln(14,45/6,88)=0,8151-0,2130=
=0,6021 /(×)
DS3-4=S04-S03-Rln(P4/P3)=7,5854-8,1298-0,287×ln(2,23/14,45)=-0,5444-(-0,5363)= = -0,0081 /(×)
DS4-1=S01-S04-Rln(P1/P4)=6,7611-7,5854-0,287×ln(1/2,23)=-0,8243-(-0,2302)=
= -0,5941 /(×)
DU, / | Dh, / | DS, /(×) | ||
1-2 | 168,35 | 234,35 | 0,0001 | |
2-3 | 494,15 | 667,15 | 0,6021 | |
3-4 | -370,85 | -498 | -0,0081 | |
4-1 | -291,65 | -403,5 | -0,5941 | |
- |
q, l, l¢, j, y
:
: q1-2=0 (n=k);
: q2-3=DU= U3-U2= 889,6-395,45=494,15 / (l=0),
q4-1=DU= U1-U4=227,1-518,75= -291,65 / (l=0);
:
/(×)
/(×)
:
k=CP/CV=1, 1237/0, 8368=1,343
q3-4= V (T4-T3);
q3-4=0, 8368 (-443,18)=(0,0167)×(-443,18)=-7,401 /;
:
: l1-2= -DU1-2=U1-U2=227,1-395,45= -168,35 /;
: l2-3=0; l4-1=0 /;
: l3-4= q3-4 - DU3-4=-7,401-(-370,85)=363,45 /;
() :
: l¢1-2=-Dh=h1-h2=318,45-552,8=-234,35 /,
: l¢2-3= -u (P3-P2)= -0,228 (14,45-6,88)105=-172,6 /,
l¢4-1= -u (P1-P4)= -0,913 (1-2,23)105=112,3 /,
: l¢3-4= n×l3-4=1,35×363,45=490,66 /;
:
;
q, / | l, / | l¢, / | j | y | |
1-2 | -168,35 | -234,35 | - | - | |
2-3 | 494,15 | -172,6 | |||
3-4 | -7,401 | 363,45 | 490,66 | 50,12 | -49,12 |
4-1 | -291,65 | 112,3 | |||
195,1 | 195,1 | 196,01 | - | - |
l, ht, pi
:
l = l - l ;
, l=q1-q2=q-q.
:
l=l1-2+l2-3+l3-4+l4-1 l=q1-2+q2-3+q3-4+q4-1 l¢= l¢1-2+ l¢2-3+ l¢3-4+ l¢4-1
l =l1-2+l2-3+l3-4+l4-1=-168,35+0+363,45+0=195,1 /,
... 0,395,39,5%
=1-0,2764=0,724,72,4%
():
.
:
( ) :
1. SDU, SDh, SDS ;
2. Sq Sl Sl¢;
1. 1,2,3 . ,1980
2. .., .., .. . .,1979
3. .. . .,1981
:
: