, .
TEXT A
Customers and traders rights
Customers rights. Customers expert goods to be /fit for/3 normal use. For example, a pen must write, a /tape-recorder/2 must record and /play back/2, a television must show films. /Retailers/2 must /guarantee/1 that goods are free from defects. /In case/3 the goods are /substandard/2 they must be /replaced/2 or /refunded/2. The retailer can then /discuss the matter/3 with his /suppliers/2 /demanding/2 from them a better quality.
Customers can expert a service to be done well, and can demand that the job is done again or /redone/ if it is done badly. /Ultimately/2, if you /still/3 do nit like the job the /culprit/3 have to pay for the cost or to /someone else/2 doing it.
It is /illegal/2 to describe the goods /falsely/1 either in ads /advertisments/ or verbally. A trader cannot bay that goods are reduced i.e. there is a shortage. You can say that, only if you sold them at a higher price for a minimum period in the UK it is 28 days during the previous 12 month.
Traders rights. Traders can challenge customers suspected of shop lifting only if the articles are removed from the shop premises. Then they can call the police to arrest the culprit. If customers return the goods that they have used the retailer may refuse to refund the money.
TEXT B
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
1. As you may know consumers buy more at is a lower price. Who is it so to answer this question we have to consider two important economic points: supply and demand.
2. Most people have limited incomes and must spend the money carefully. As the price of a particular products falls, more people can and will buy it. For example, as new technology has improved, the price of calculators has decrease d. More and more people can now afford to buy calculators. This ability to buy in economics called capability.
3. There is one more aspect we must remember about, which is the following. How many people need and use the product? How many products of the same type does one consumer need? We know from our every-day experience that the more items one consumer has, the less useful they become. More then that, consumers want to pay less for additional identical items which they buy. For example, normally a family will buy one big pizza for dinner. They can buy two or three pizzas only when the price of the second and the third one is lower.
4. Businesses try to balance the quantity of goods and services which thy provide with the quantity which consumers will demand. They do it through regulating their production. And by setting their prices. When supply and demand are balanced consumers will purchase all the goods supplied by producers. This optimal price which regulates supply and demand is called the market clearing price.
Active vocabulary.
)to expect ;
to be fit for
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retailer 1. ;2.
supplier
substandard (.. , )
job 1. , ; ;2.
culprit ,
cost
to reduce , (syn. to minimize, to cut back)
shortage , ,
trader
to challenge ,
shop-lifting
article (), ,
b)point , ; .
supply and demand
to afford
capability
item , ( );
to balance
additional
to set a price ,
to purchace , ; (syn. to by)
market clearing price , ( )
demand 1., 2. , || ;
product
producer
production
Translation notes.
1.to improve technology .
technology , : science and technology ; technological progress . machinery, equipment (: , ). techniques , , .
1. to play back
2. ultimately
3. illegal
4. falsely ,
5. rerbally ( )
6. re - , , ( -)
7. to replace ,
to refund , ()
to redo (redid, redone)
8. ad = advertsement
9. pither or
10. pizza
11. normally
12. as you may know - , ,
as : 1) as members
2) ; : as has already been pointed out
3) , ; as society developed
Unit 6
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1. Present Continuous Present Perfect (Active Voice, Passive Voice)
2. Text A How does economy develop?
:
Continuous Passive Present Passive.
I Continuous Passive.
| Active Voice to be + Participle I (V-ing) | Passive Voice To be + being + Participle II (Ved/V3) |
| 1. They are discussing a new plan now () 2. They were discussing a new plan at 10.a.m. () 3. They will be discussing a new plan at 10 tomorrow ( ) | 1. The new plan is being discussed Now( ) 2. The new plan was being discussed at 10 a.m. ( ) (. Future Indefinite Passive) |
1. Continuous Passive -, -, - .
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II Perfect Passive.
| Active Voice to have + Participle II | Passive Voice To have + been + Participle II |
 
1. He has finished his work (already)
()
2. He has finished his work by
5 oclock ()
3. Well have finished our work by
5 oclock ()
| 1. The work has been finished By him () 2. The work had been finished By him ( ) 3. The work will have been finished By him ( ) |
2. Perfect Passive .
1. :
1. Our experiment was being carried out for 5 hours.
2. They are being waited for.
3. The solution was being heated for 2 hours.
4. The house is being built by a new method.
5. This metal has been heated and then cooled in the air.
6. The effect of temperature will have been studied by the beginning of the experiment.
7. Wages to the personnel have been paid out.
8. This contract had been concluded when I returned.
| Indefinite Tense | Continuos Tenses | Perfect Tense |
| Present The problem is discussed. . . . | The problem is being discussed. . .... | The problem hasbeing discussed. . . |
| Past The problem was discussed. . . . | The problem wasbeing discussed. . . | The problem hadbeen discussed. . . |
| Future The problem will be discussed. . . . | (. Future Indefinite Passive) | The problem will have been discussed. . . |
Present indefinite, Passive Present Continued Passive, 4. : Past Indefinite Passive, Past Continuos, Present Past Perfect Passive, 2 : Future Indefinite Future Perfect Passive.
Text A
How does economy develop?
We all have been different economic changes affecting our lives. When demand increases and supply is not /sufficient/2 we often have /shortages of goods/2, some people may /lose their jobs/3. It means that economy is /entering/3 an economic crisis. Economists have developed a system of indicators which help to /measure/3 and /assess/3 a countrys economy.
If we try to /draw a picture/3 of the total economy as it changes over time we shell have the following:
These ups and downs /representing/3 the life of an economic system are called the business cycle. People looking carefully at the picture may/notice/2 that it consists of four elements. Back off them is a /phase/1 in the cycle characterised by its own /peculiarities/2.
Peak times. During /peak/1 time economy is doing very well. People are /working hard/2 and are getting high wages. Goods are being delivered to the stores on time and in sufficient quantities and consumers are spending their money buying all sorts of things. Firms are making profit, banks are giving loans to people, people are setting up small businesses and services are being provided everywhere and at low prices.
/ Recession /3. But, as history shows, after a peak period there usually comes a /downward turn/2 into a /recession/3. Sales are decreasing. Business firms are being /cutting back on/3 their activities. Fewer things are being produced and more workers are /laid off/2. Not only the business firms are cutting down their work but also their suppliers: they produce less and lay off they workers. People losing their jobs spend less money, other workers /fear/3 that they might lose their jobs, too. Soon consumers in general are spending less, and business declines /even more/2.
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/ Trough /3. Usually all recessions /sooner or later/3 /reach a bottom/3 (i.e. the trough of the cycle) and then things start changing for the better. Firms stop laying off workers and begin ordering more and more supplies. Customers start buying more and the economic situation is beginning to /imrove/2.
/ Recovery /2. It is increased in business activity which results in increased employment, greater consumer spending, more intensive cash flow and, of course, the beginning of another round of a business cycle.
Active vocabulary.
to affect
sufficient
to lose a job
to develop (a system) , ()
an indicator 1. ( ).2.
economic(al) ~ s
measure , ; , ,
to assess , ( )
business cycle ;
recovery ,
peak ,
business cycle peak
time ,
peak times
through 1 ( , );2 , ()
recession , , (), ,
to get wages
to deliver goods ()
store 1 ;2
to lay off ()
to decline , ,
employment ,
consumer spending ;
Translation notes.
1 economy 1 , () ; , ; ( );3 ( ) market economy
economic(s) 1 ( ); ; ;2 ; business economics ; industrial economics
2 ups and downs
3 peculiarity
4 to do well ,
5 to result in ; (-)
to result from , ,
, , - .
6 a downward turn into a recession = a change at the end of recession.
