, .. . , .
. :
1. . , , .
2. , . , , ..
3. .
, :
1. ( - ) - , .
(8.1)
- ;
- .
0 1, , .
= , , L = 0, .. .
2. - .
.
: . 44 . 70%, , 5%, 3%, 2% . 40 0,5%. 20%.
4 .
. . = 20% + 20% + 20% + 20% = 80%.
. . = 70% + 5% +3% + 2% = 80%.
, . , .
:
;
, ;
, .
3. - - , .
, (8.2)
: - ;
n - .
10000. . , . < 1000 , =10000 .
, ,
, ( , 70%), .