,
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3. ,
8.
9. ,
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.3.1.
10.
1
2
,
, ( , , , ).
:
();
;
.
( ), ( ).
, .
( ), .
, .
:
, ( r′) ( a ′) (. 1) , . ;
|
|
a ′ a ... , , ;
... ( a) a ″ ( .
. 1.
:
1) , ;
2), .
:
ρ0 ;
0, 0 ;
pr, Tr ;
ΔT ;
pa ;
Δpa ;
Ta .
:
γr ;
ηV .
r a (. . 1), ... rr″, ( r″ a). r, r″ a r a ′.
ρ0, (/3)
ρ0 = p0106/(RBT0) (2.1)
RB :
RB = R/μB = 8315/28,96 = 287 /(),
R = 8315 /() ,
T0 ().
. 0 = 0,1 , 0 = 293 .
, .
pr () ( ),
pr = (1,05 1,25) p0. (2.2)
. .
Tr () , . 900÷1100 , 600÷900 .
, , .
.
ΔT :
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|
0÷20
10÷40
pa ()
pa = p0 Δpa, (2.3)
, .
Δpa ()
Δpa = (β2 + ξ)( /2)ρ010-6, (2.4)
β ;
ξ , ;
V ( , ).
(β2 + ξ) V . (β2 + ξ) = 2,5÷4,0 V = 50÷130 /. (β2 + ξ) .
Δpa :
(0,05÷0,20)p0
(0,03÷0,18)p0
Ta (K) , r a
Ta = (T0+ΔT+γrTr)/(1+γr) (2.5)
:
酅 320÷370
酅.. 310÷350
셅 320÷400
γr . γr , .
:
(φ = φ = 1)
, (2.6)
ε .
γr :
0,04÷0,10
0,02÷0,05
.
ηV , , , , :
ηV = G /G0 = V /V0 = M /M0, (2.7)
G , V , M , , , , 3, ;
G0, V0, M0 , 0 0 ( pk Tk), , 3, .
(φ = φ = 1)
. (2.8)
ηV :
셅.. 0,80÷0,96
酅.. 0,70÷0,90
... 0,80÷0,94
셅 0,80÷0,97
:
pc ;
Tc .
() () n1:
, (1.9)
. (1.10)
, (0,015÷0,005 ), n1 k1. k1 (. 2) ε Ta.
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|
n1 k1 :
酅..(k1 0,00)÷(k1 0,04)
酅.(k1 + 0,00)÷(k1 0,02)
:
셅 pc = 1,0÷2,5 ,
Tc = 600÷800
酅 pc = 0,9÷2,0
Tc = 600÷800
pc = 3,5÷5,5
Tc = 700÷900
. 2. k1
, V = const, .. , V = const = const, .. (. 3).
:
z ;
Tz ;
Vz , , 3 ( ).
z .
, V = const, z ()
z = pcTz/Tc, (2.11)
(. .).
λ = z/pc. (2.12)
λ = 3,2÷4,2.
, ()
z = λ pc, (2.13)
. (2.14)
ρ = 1,2÷1,7.
, Vz
Vz Vc = Vc(ρ 1) (2.15)
Tz () .
, V = const, :
, (2.16)
ξz cz
. (/ );
, /();
, /();
:
α ≥1
. = / [ 1(1 + γr) ], (2.17)
α <1
. = ( Δ)/ [ 1(1 + γr) ], (2.18)
(/). = 44 /, = 42,5 /; 1 ( . / .) (. .)
Δ (/) -
Δ = 119,95 (1 α)L0. (2.19)
( + )
, (2.20)
[/()] . .2;
[/()] . .3 . .4 .
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, V = const = const
, (2.21)
λ = pz/pc ; 2270 = 8,315273.
λ =1,6÷2,5;
, λ =1,2÷1,8.
(2.16) (2.21) : tz tz. . .2,
Atz2 + Btz C = 0, (2.22)
, .
, Tz = tz + 273, K
:
酅. Tz = 2400÷3100
pz = 3,5÷7,5
pz = 3,0÷6,5
酅. Tz = 1800÷2300
pz = pz = 5,0÷12,0
, , (. 4):
pb , ;
Tb , .
. 4. :
;
.
,
, (2.23)
; (2.24)
, V = const = const
, (2.25)
, (2.26)
δ= ε/ρ .
n2 k2 ε ( δ), α Tz.
k2 (. 1.5 1.6). k2 : ε ( δ ) Tz , k2 α = 1. k2 α , α = 1, , α.
. 5. k2
n2 :
酅 1,23÷1,30
酅 1,18÷1,28
pb Tb :
酅 pb = 0,35÷0,60
Tb = 1200÷1700
酅.. pb = 0,25÷0,50
Tb = 1000÷1200
.
. 6. k2
. 7. b′b″r′da ′ . b ′ a ′ . bl lr .
. 7.
. (2.27)
pr Tr (. ).