THE NONFINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
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1. (the Infinitive). :
To be or not to be, that is the question. , .
2. (the Gerund). : The best part of living is loving and giving. .
3. (the Participle). : Lose an hour in the morning and you will spend all day looking for it.
Lost time is never found again. - .
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| Simple | to do | to be done |
| Continuous | to be doing | - |
| Perfect | to have done | to have been done |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been doing | - |
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| Participle I | doing | being done |
| Participle II | - | done |
| Perfect Participle | having done | having been done |
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| Simple | doing | being done |
| Perfect | having done | having been done |
| Infinitive to learn | Gerund learning | Participle I learning | Participle II learnt | |
| To learn is necessary in modern life. () . | Learning English is hard but necessary. () , . | |||
| My mother asked me to washthe plates/ . | ) My sister likes drivinga car. . ) The engineer insisted on experimenting. . | |||
| ( , ) The poem to be learntis in this book. , . | ( of, for, in) . The method of experimentinggives good results. . | ) , .. They saw a flyingplane. . ) , .. We saw a plane flyingin the sky. , . | ) ( . ) The describedmethod widely used in industry. . ) The equipment tested requires further improvement. . | |
| ( . , ) To know English well you must study hard. , . | ( by, after, before, in, on, without; - ) After making a lot of experiments Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction. , . | ( when, while; ; ..) While translating a scientific article he met with many difficulties. , . | ( when, while, if, as . - ) If heated the molecules of the material move faster. . |
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Infinitive constructions
1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction ( ) Complex Object (me, him, her) to. , . to see, to hear, to watch, to observe, to make, to let to. :
1. We know this scientist to have made an important discovery in electronics. - , .
2. He wanted me to read this book. , .
3. I saw him cross the street. , .
2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction ( ) Complex Subject , . , :
) . is said , is known , is supposed , is believed , , is thought , is considered , is found .. : A. Volta is knownto have invented the first electrical battery. , . .
) to seem , to appear , to prove , to happen .. : He seems to know English. , , .
) to be likely , to be unlikely , to be certain , to be sure . : He is likely to know English. , , .
Participial Constructions
1. The Objective Participial Construction ( ) - Complex Object (him, me, us .. ) I II. , . : Mr. Smith heard Jane speaking over the phone. , .
I want it done by 5 oclock. , 5 .
2. The Subjective Participial Construction ( ) - Complex Subject. : The horse was seen descending the hill. , .
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3. The Absolute Participial Construction ( ) . . , , , . , , , . : The engineers having tested the device, we can use it. , . To translate this text without a dictionary is very difficult for him, but the dictionary having been lost somewhere. , - .
