.
3-
-
,
031000
-
, 2006
316.6(075.8; 88.573
85
:
;
.., , , ;
.., , .
, .
: / .. . 3- . .: -, 2006. 352 ; ., . ( .) - ISBN 5-98119-390-5.
CIP .
- , , - , . .
, , , , .
316.6(075.8)
88.573
..
..
..
10.08.2005. 84 108 '/32. .
Newton. . . . 18,5. 5000 . 4079.
-˻
123022, . , ., . 14, 2- , . 23.
. (095) 258-08-38
www.omega-l.ru
.
610033, . , . , 122.
ISBN 5-98119-390-5 .. , 2005
-, 2006
1.
1.
..............................................................7
2. - ................................20
3. - ................................28
...........................................................33
.....................................33
- .................................................34
2.
4. ...............38
5.
|
|
..........................................40
6. ...........................51
...........................................................53
.....................................53
- .................................................54
3.
7. ................................57
8. .......................................63
...........................................................66
.....................................66
- .................................................67
4.
9. ..............................71
10. .........................................78
11. ..............................83
...........................................................88
.....................................88
- .................................................89
5.
12.
.............................94
13.
................102
.........................................................105
...................................105
- ...............................................106
6.
14. - .......................111
15. -
..................................................117
16. ....................................135
.........................................................146
...................................146
- ...............................................147
7.
17. ..........151
18. -
.................................166
.........................................................175
...................................175
- ...............................................176
8.
19. ..............................183
20. .........185
21. -
....................194
.........................................................206
...................................206
- ...............................................207
|
|
9.
22.
.........210
23. - ......214
24. ........................223
.........................................................227
...................................227
- ...............................................228
10. i
25. ..........................230
26. .........232
27. .........................237
.........................................................243
...................................243
- ...............................................244
11.
28. - ............................246
29.
.........................................252
30.
.................................260
.........................................................270
...................................270
- ...... v.......................................271
12.
31.
..........................................273
32.
..........................282
33. ..................293
.........................................................303
...................................303
- ...............................................304
13.
34. ...................307
35. .................312
36. .....................................318
.........................................................322
...................................322
- ...............................................323
14.
37.
........................325
38.
........................330
39. ...........335
.........................................................348
...................................348
- ...............................................349
.............................................................................351
1.
. ^ , , , ( ) .
. - (, , , , , , , .), - , , ..
|
|
(. , . , . , . , . -, .. , .. .) , - .
XIX . - ( . , X. . ), (. ,
( ) , . - , - .
. . ), (. ), . . : , , , -^ . .
- , XX . , - (, , , , ..), .
19201940- . , - , .
19601990- . : , , , . , 19301950- . . , .
, : , , , , , , .
- . -
() (), - .
: , , , ..
- . i
|
|
-, - , , .
(), , , () - , , , , .
- , , , , .
-, , ( ), . - , , , . , , , ( ), .
-, , .
- ( , , , , -
, ), ( , ) (), (, , ).
, - , , , . , (), () , ( ).
- : (, ), (, ) (, , ) ( .., 1995).
, , - .
. , :
1) , , - ;
2) , - ;
3) () - ;
4) , , () - .
, :
-, ,
, ; ; - ;
, , ; , : ;
, , - , , ;
, - ;
|
|
, - , .
, , .
, .
, , , .
, , .
( ) , , , , , .
, , .
.
( ) .
, , .
, , , , , .
() , .
, , .
, , - , .
-
(), .
, .
, () . η
, , , .
, , , - .
, - .
, , , , , .
- - , , , .
, - .
. . -, - , , . -, , - .
- , , :
- ( ) , ;
, ( , , ), , ( , , ) , ;
, ( ), , , ( );
, , , , ;
, ..
, ( ..) , ( .., 1980);
, () , , .
- , , . , : , , , .
, XX ., 3. .
, . . : , , , , , . , - () . - , - .
, , , .
1930- . ( ),
. . -, S R (, . ; , , . ). . , . , . . .
. , , , , . . , . , . , . , . . .
, - , , . , , . , , (. , . , . , . .), , , .
, , - . : , , , , , , , .
, -
. , .
, , . , , . , ; .
, - .
, , ; , ; - ; , .
- , (, , , , ). , -, .
- , .
- , .
, .
{), ; , ;
, .
, - , ; , ; , . , (35%). 1025% . , 100%.
- , .
, , - : - ; ; ; .
( ).
, , ( , , .).
, () , , : ) , ; ) -
; ) .
- - , , , , , , . , , .
- . , :
, , ( , , , - );
; ( , , , );
, ;
, , , , - .
, , , , , , .
, , .