. - ( ).
: ) , ) - , ) .
- .
1. HNO2 HNO3 + NO + H2O
2. FeS2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3) 3 + H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
3. CuO + NH3 Cu + N2 + H2O
4. NaBr + H2SO4 + NaBrO3 = Br2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
5. HClO + H2O2 HCl + O2 + H2O
6. Cl2 + KOH KCl + KClO3 + H2O
7. S + NaOH Na2S + Na2SO3 + 2
8. Al + KClO4 + H2SO4 KCl + Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
9. H2S + SO2 S + H2O
10. HIO3 + H2O2 I2 + O2 + H2O
11. SO2 + NaIO3 + H2O I2 + Na2SO4 + H2SO4
12. Sn + HNO3 N2O + Sn(NO3)2 + H2O
13. Bi2S3 + HNO3 Bi(NO3)3 + NO + S + H2O
14. H3PO3 + H3PO3 H3PO4 + PH3
15. KNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 KNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
16. Sb2S3 + HNO3 HSbO3 + H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
17. Na2SO3 + I2 + H2O Na2SO4 + HI
18. SnCl2 + NaOH + Bi(NO3)3 Bi + Na2SnO3 + H2O
19. As2S3 + HNO3 H3AsO4 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O
20. KIO3 + KI + HCl KCl + I2 + H2O
21. H3PO3 + KMnO4 + HNO3 H3PO4 + KNO3 + Mn(NO3)2 + H2O
22. HMnO4 + NaCl + H2SO4 MnSO4 + Cl2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
23. Bi(NO3)3 +K2SnO2 + KOH Bi + K2SnO3 + KNO3 + H2O
24. KI + H2O2 +HCl I2 + KCl + H2O
25. PH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 H3PO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
26. Se + AuCl3 + H2O Au + H2SeO3 + HCl
27. Cr2(SO4)3 + Br2 + NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaBr + Na2SO4 + H2O
28. Cu(NO3)2 + KI CuI + I2 + KNO3
29. Co + HNO3 Co(NO3)2 + N2 + H2O
30. Hg + NaNO3 + H2SO4 Hg2SO4 + Na2SO4 + NO + H2O
. . , Q . , . /. D , -- ( = const, T = const), . D < 0, ( ), D > 0, ( ).
, . 1 . , -
T, (r reaction). , .
|
|
, , = const, W = p× D V, , ( ).
, .
1 . . 1 2: 1 2, D H 12, 3 2 D H 32, 1 3 :
D H 13 = D H 12 D H 32.
2 . :
j ; i ; n - , .
()
(f formation) , . 0 . 298 . .
3 . :
,
j ; i ; n - ; .
() . .
-
QT, , 1 1 3 :
1 ; 22,4 1 .
, , .
S , , :
S = R× ln W,
R , 8,31 /, ; W .
, .
S ln W, . - /(×).
. , .
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S , , , S HCl() < S HB r () <
< S HI(), S (F2) < S (Cl2) < S (Br2).
. .
D S , :
.
= 298 , , S 0 = 298 .
, D D S .
, D = D S, , .
D ¹ D S.
, , D G,
D G = D H T D S, [D G ] = /.
, . D G , .
D G = D H T D S :
1) D <0 D S >0, D G < 0, .. , , ;
2) D >0 D S <0, D G >0, .. ;
3) (D < 0 D S <0 D >0 D S > 0, D G <0 D D S;
4) , ×D S .
:
,
D f G 0 .
.
:
D 0 D S 0 , , :
, , , - ,
+ b = + dD :
(, , , D ) .
, D G 0 = RT× ln K, , :
1. (1) (2) 273 101,3 . (3).
(1) =
(2) ½
(3) =?
. 1 . - (3) (1) (2): (3) = (1) 2 × (2)
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.
: ;
.
2. NH3 :
(1) 22 + 2 = 22(), D 01 = 571,68 ,
(2) 4NH3 + 3O2 = 62() + 2N2, D 02 = 1530,28 .
. , :
(3) ½ N2 + 3/2 2 = NH3, D f H 0(NH3) =?
(1) (2) 2O() 2, (3). , (1) (2), (1) 3 (2):
62 + 32 4NH3 32 = 62() 62() 2N2(). (4)
(4) 4 (3).
:
(D 01×3 D 02):4 = D 03.
: [571,68×3 (1530,28)]:4 = 46,19 ,
.. D f H 0(NH3) = 46,19 /.
3. Cl2, , 1 l2 72,7 , 1 CaCl2×62 18,0 .
. :
(1) CaCl2() + 62() = l2×62(); D 01
(2) l2×62() + aq = l2 aq () + 62(); D 02.
, .. , ; . D 02 + D 01 D03:
l2() + aq = aCl2 aq (); D 03.
(D03) (D 02) (D 01).
, :
D 0 = 72,7 (+18,0) = 90,7 ,
.. 1 CaCl2 90,7 .
4. HF(), HCl() HBr(), , , .. .
. , , . , , , . , .
D f H 0(HF)= 270,7; D f H 0(HCl)= 92,30; D f H 0(HBr)= 35,98(/).
HF, 1 270,7 , ..
D f 0HF() = D 0.F().
5. ( = 298 ).
.
. 2 . :
, /
1675,0
395,2
3434,0
1 , , .
3434,0 ( 1675,0) 3 (395,2) = 573,4 (/).
( > 0), .. .
6. ( =?).
. :
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(1) + 2 = 2; D 01 = 396,3 /,
(2) + 2 = 2; D 02 = 399,197 /,
D 02= +( + ) = 396,3 1,897 0 =
= 398,197 /.
(1) (2) , :
= , D 03 =?
,
D 03 = D 02 D 01 = 398,197 (396,3) = 1,897 /.
7. 20 , , .
. :
24() + 32 = 22() + 22()
, :
D . = 2×(396,3) + 2×(285,84) 52,28 = 1130,72 /.
, 1 24 1130,72 .
20 ,
n = ,
22,4 / .. , 0,89 :
0,89 ×(1130,72 /) = 1009,57 .
8. :
) N2() + 3H2() = 2NH3(),
) () + 2() = 2() + 2(),
) 2() + 2() = 22().
. , , , , (D S 0 > 0), (D S 0 < 0), .
, () 4 2, (D S 0() < 0); () D S 0() > 0; () D S 0() < 0.
9.
H2 S () + Cl2() = 2HCl() + S ().
. , D S 0. , :
, , :
/.
10. 298 :
2() + 42() = 4() + 22().
?
. :
. (D 0.). - , ..
× D S 0.. D S 0 > 0.
:
× D S 0. = 393,51×298 = 117265,98 /,
117,266 /, .
D . = 253 .
11. 298 .
CuSO4() + 2NH4OH() = Cu(OH)2() + (NH4)2SO4().
. D G . :
, ( ) G.
D G 0. < 0, , - .
12. , 298 1000 : () + 2() = 2() +
+(),, 1 .
.
. D f 0 S 0298 .
D f 0, / | S 0298, /(×) | |
() | 5,74 | |
2() | 241,98 | 188,9 |
2() | 130,7 | |
() | 110,6 | 197,7 |
:
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D G 0. = D 0. × D S 0. .
D G 0. 298 :
D G 0. = 131,38 298 ×0,134 = 91,48 .
D G 0. > 0, 298 .
2981000 1000 : D G 0. = 131,381000×0,134 = 2,62 ,
.. 1000 . , , .
, ( ), :
, T > 980K .
13. , (III) :
Fe2O3() + 3H2() = 2Fe() + 32()
298 (2) = 1,5; (2) = 0,9.
. :
, D G . D G 0. , , :
D G . > 0, .
14. .
. :
N2() + 3H2() = 2NH3().
:
= 298 D G . = 0 :