, , TCP/IP (. 1.).
1
, . .
(LAN Local Area network). , . , . - (host ).
, .
, , , - , , .
. . , . , , .
. .
, . . . , , , .
, , , Backbon []. , .
. , , . , , .
, , . , , , , site, , . , , . , . , , .
|
|
? : . , . , , . , .
, , . , . . , , .
? , - . , , . , . " ". , .
TCP/IP. , , TCP/IP , , ( ). TCP . , . IP . , .
TCP. TCP, , , , .
TCP , . . ( ). , , TCP-. , , - .
, , . , , .
IP. - IP (Internet Protocol). , (IP-). - . , : 195.38.46.11. IP- . , , - TCP-, , , . - .
|
|
. . . , , , , , . , , , . , , .
TCP/IP
TCP/IP , , . TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP), .
(. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
TCP/IP :
- (application layer),
- (transport layer),
- (internet layer),
- (link layer).
OSI ( 1). TCP/IP IP-. .
1 TCP/IP OSI
ISO/OSI | TCP/IP | |
7. | HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, DNS | 4. |
6. | ||
5. | ||
4. | TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, DCCP | 3. |
3. | IP ( , ICMP IGMP IP, ) | 2. |
2. | Ethernet, , Frame Relay, Token ring | 1. |
1. |
(Application layer) .
, , HTTP WWW, FTP ( ), SMTP ( ), SSH ( ), DNS ( IP-) .
TCP UDP , :
- HTTP TCP- 80 8080,
- FTP TCP- 20 ( ) 21 ( ),
- DNS UDP ( TCP) 53,
(Transport layer) ( ?), . TCP/IP , .
, ( IP), ; OSPF (IP 89).
TCP (IP 6) , , , . TCP , . , TCP , . UDP.
|
|
UDP (IP 17) . , , . , , TCP.
UDP , , , , - (, DNS), , .
TCP, UDP , .
(Internet layer) () . , , , ICMP ( IP-) IGMP ( multicast-).
ICMP IGMP IP , , OSI.
IP , , , . IP- . ICMP IGMP , , 1 2.
(Link layer) , , ( , ). Ethernet, , , .
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Frame Relay, Token Ring, ATM .
2 LLC MAC.
, ( , , ), ( , , , , , ).
, , (, ) ( ), .
, TCP, (. 2):
2
- , , ( , IP-, TCP);
- , TCP ( );
- TCP , , TCP- ( );
- TCP IP ( );
- IP TCP ( , , IP- , , ;
- IP , - ;
- , , ( , 0x0800(IP)) , , , ;
- , .
( ), .
|
|