2. The plant was reconstructed three years ago. The plant was not reconstructed three years ago. Was the plant reconstructed three years ago? . . ?
3. The new equipment will be housed in large shops. The new equipment will be not housed in large shops. Will the new equipment be housed in large shops? . . ?
4. . .
) () :
1. The research into the properties of these metals is done (., . ) at one of Moscow institutes.
2. All these metal parts are cut (. , . ) automatically.
3. The machine tool was mounted (.; . ) on a special work bench.
4. In future machine tools will be made (.; . ) faster and more precise.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
) () :
1. In the first year the students are taught many important subjects.
2. We were shown a new alloy which will be used in modem technology.
3. The engineers will be asked to make an experimental model of the device.
1. .
2. , .
3. .
) () :
1. The huge automatic unit in the shop is looked after by only a few men.
2. When the delegation arrived, the designer was sent for.
3. The new model of the device will be worked at in the plant laboratory.
1. .
2. , .
3. .
5. , . .
1. Machine parts can be produced by todays machine tools with very high precision.
2. Tools that cut metals should be made of very hard steel and alloys.
3. Very often special buildings must be constructed for large machine tools.
4. Mathematics, physics, a foreign language are to be studied in first year at our institute.
5. All the measurements had to be analyzed by the experiment himself.
1. .
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2. , , -
3. .
4. , , .
5. .
International Words
6. ) He , , . .
Analogy - , specialist - , catastrophic .
) , . , .
Construction
general
operation
organization
practice
protection
scheme
start
technology
tunnel
..
:
.
1980 " " , , 1990 .
280 , 300 . , 1777, 1824 1924 . , 1703 , . .
(1966), . 52 , .
?
( 8 ) ( ). , .
, , 200 , .
, . , , "" , . 30 , .
, - .
- 24.4 35 - () , "" . - 2,000 , - 1,400 .
, 150 , .
.
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7. :
1. When was the General Plan for the development of St. Petersburg adopted?
2. How long did designers and engineers work on the scheme of flood defence system?
3. When was the construction of the hydro engineering project started?
4 What is the aim of this project?
5. Where is the giant dam located?
6. How many channels for the passage of ships are there in the
7. Where does the motor-car highway run?
8. How long is it?
9. Where are the tunnels for motor cars located?
10. What is done at present to resume and finish the construction of the flood defence system?
1. The starting point was the adoption of the General Plan of Leningrad development (1966) which provided for the construction of a flood defence system.
2. Scientific, designing and other organizations were working out this scheme for six years.
3. In October 1980 the first stone with the words "Let's protect Leningrad from floods" was thrown into the waves of the Gulf of Finland near Gorskaya that was the beginning of the construction of a flood defence system.
4. That by 1990 will protect Leningrad from floods.
5. Eleven giant dams of rock and soil (each 8 metres high above mean sea level) cross the Gulf of Finland from Gorskaya in the north to Lomonosov in the south of the Gulf through Kotlin Island (Kronstadt Fortress).
6. Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side of the island, the 200 metres wide southern channel will be the main.
7. Motor-car highway runs along the top of the dams and bridges over the spillways and twice it "dives" into the tunnels.
8. 24.4 kilometres long.
9. The tunnels under the bottom of the channels.
10. In 1990.
WORD STUDY
8. , :
1. The design of the hydroengineering complex was worked out by 52 various organizations.
2. A special group worked at the system of television control.
3. The programme of future work was worked out very accurately.
4. Our laboratory will continue to work at the problems of automatic regulation of production processes.
1. 52 .
2. .
3. .
4. .
9. . , :
) slowly, suddenly, usually, usefully, uselessly, precisely, widely, easily, simply, probably, possibly
, , , , , , , , , ,
slow, sudden, usual, useful, useless, precise, wide, easy, simple, probable, possible
, , , , , , , , , ,
) largely, mainly, highly, hardly: , , ,
large, main, high, hard: , , ,
10. . , :
building, understanding, improvement, equipment, foundation, location, protection, adoption, production, explanation, development, existence, designer, builder, reader, reflector, founder: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
to build, to understand, to improve, to equip, to found, to protect, to adopt, to product, to explain, to develop, to exist, to design, to build, to read, to reflect, to found: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
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* 11. , , :
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9.
1. to offer the project of new shop; 2. to provide road construction; 3. to pass through the deep-water channel; 4. to protect from a flood; 5. to carry out important operations; 6. to develop the new project; 7. to work over a problem; 8. to predict level increase; 9. to pay attention to construction
to forecast the rise; to pass through; to perform; to offer a scheme; to protect from; provide for, to work at; to work out; to pay attention to
* 12. :
; , (); (), (); ; ; ; ; ()
science scientific the scientist; to equip the equipment, the project the designer (designer); to direct (to direct), the direction the head (director); to protect protection; to build the builder the building; to exist existence; to base the basis the founder; to learn (to teach) the doctrine the teacher
13. . ( 81). by.
1. This equipment should be tested in various conditions.
2. Nowadays floods can be forecast beforehand.
3. When sea waves rise over the normal level () all the gates are to be closed.
4. The control system had to be provided with the most perfect automatic devices.
5. All these mechanisms should be protected from corrosion.
6) 1. Such questions cannot be answered by an engineer.
2. This design was to be worked out by somebody from your laboratory.
3. As the metal part was not heavy, it could be mounted on a work bench by anybody.
4. These plans can be changed by no one.
1. .
2. .
3. (), .
4. .
5. .
6) 1. .
2. - .
3. , -.
4. .
14. , , :
1. The mechanic is asked to make... He is to be asked to make...
2. The designer is informed... He is to be informed...
3. The tests are followed by... They are to be followed by...
4. The machine tool is housed... It is to be housed...
5.1 was offered... I was to be offered...
6. We were helped... We were to be helped...
1. ... ...
2. ... ...
3. ... ...
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4. ... ...
5. ... ...
6. ... ...
16. , :
) 1. A great many scientists from various institutes were invited to work at the design of the hydroengineering complex.
2. The young specialists were offered to concentrate their efforts on the construction of bridges.
3. The designers were given the necessary information about channels and spillways.
) 1. It must be said that the control system of the conveyor is looked upon as an experimental one.
2. The experimental model will be followed by mass production of the mechanisms.
3. The original design of the round conveyor was already referred to in some journals.
4. The design was commented upon by some well-known specialists.
5. The construction of the new conveyor was paid great attention to.
6. The engineers measurements and calculations can be relied on.
7. The operation of the conveyor will not be influenced by outer factors
) 1. M .
2. , .
3. .
) 1. , .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7.
17. , as:
as 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ... ; 6.
1. As the time passes building mechanisms become more and more complex.
2. There are two kinds of transformations which are known as physical and chemical changes.
3. At present plastics as well as metals are widely used in various branches of industry.
4. The northern channel of the flood defence system is for smaller river ships, as it is not so deep and wide as the southern one.
5. The ring motor road around St. Petersburg is to be as long as 150 kilometres.
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4. , .
5. - 150 .
18. , :
1. It should be noted that the technical documentation of hydroengineering project contained 199 volumes.
2. We know who took part in the design of the flood defence system.
3. We understand what gigantic experimental work was made before the adoption of the project.
4. Foreign delegations are often explained how the construction of the protective complex was started.
5. Visitors always ask if the flood defence system will be put into operation in time.
1. , 199 .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , .
19. , :
1. Weuseelectricityon a large scale.
2. Little was known about the nature of electricity in the last century.
3. Weknow that the development of light and heavy industry is largely dependenton electricity.
4. Wewantto ask our teacher if hecantell us about the constructionof atomic power plants in other countries.
20. .
There are several cities in Russia which have got the metro at present. The first 11.6 km-long line of the Moscow underground, the oldest in our country, went into operation in 1935. Today the total length of the Moscow metro lines is more than 300 km. According to the General Plan for the capitals development another 120 km will be added in the next few years.
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If you look at the poster-map of the Moscow metro, youll see a lot of train lines which run in all directions through the city. Youll also see a ring road around the centre which connects the most important squares and railway terminals.
In 1955 underground trains started running in St. Petersburg. The first line ran from the north to the south of the city and crossed the Neva under the bottom of the deep river waters. Unlike the Moscow metro trains which go not only underground but also over ground, St. Petersburg trains all run in the deep tunnels. Today the length of the main lines is more than 100 km. Over two million passengers are carried by this fast transport daily.
St. Petersburg underground is the first in the country where all its lines equipped with the systems of train automatic control. Television is also a good helper at the metro stations. Automation and telemechanics control all the complex ventilating, escalator and other systems. It should be said that in our country great attention is paid to the architectural design of the stations and to passenger comfort.
*21. :
1. At present the metro is...
a) in all large cities of Russia;
b) only in several cities of Russia;
c) in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
2. The Moscow metro is...
a) the oldest in the world;
b) the oldest in Europe;
c) the oldest in our country.
3. Now the total length of the Moscow metro is...
a) 120 km;
b) more than 300 km;
c) more than 320 km.
4. Trains in the St. Petersburg metro...
a) all go in the tunnels;
b) go over ground and under ground.
22. , , :
1. The Moscow underground ringline... large squares and railway...
2. New metro stations............. constantly.
3. Every day about three million passengers.................. by the St. Petersburg metro.
4. Automatic control......... great attention to at all stations.
Are carried, terminals, connects, is paid, are added
1. The Moscow underground ringline connects large squares and railway terminals.
2. New metro stations are added constantly.
3. Every day about three million passengers are carried by the St. Petersburg metro.
4. Automatic control is paid great attention to at all stations.
Revision Exercise
, :
) 1. The shop is large. It is as large as 165 square metres. The shop is largely experimental. The larger the shop the more air it has and therefore the better conditions are provided for work.
2. The mercury column is 30 inches high. The higher the mercury column, the higher is the pressure.
3. The experimentor worked hard for several months because he was given quite a new task. That was a hard job. He could hardly complete his research in time.
) The greatest part of the matter around us is liquid or gas. Long ago scientists did not know as much about the air and water as we know now. Water is one of the most common things in our life. At four degrees above zero the volume of water is the smallest.
Air is very heavy. It is much heavier, for example, than hydrogen & nitrogen, but liquid oxygen is a little heavier than water. Hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air. It is a chemical element with the simplest possible atom. On a high mountain there is less air above us and therefore the pressure is lower. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the thinner the air becomes. There are less and less gas molecules per unit of volume in the upper part of the atmosphere.
) 1. . 165 . . , , .
2. 30 . , .
3. , . . .
) - . , . - . .
. , , & , , . 14 . - . , . , .
7.
5. ; ) , .
a) Present
1. Our plant produces equipment. Our shop is producing some new
for chemical laboratories. chemical apparatus.
2. Water boils at 100 C. The water in the tube is boiling.
6) Past
The laboratory assistant. The laboratory assistant
wrote down the result. was writing down all the data
of his research. during our experiment
The workers mounted. They were mounting them from 5 to 7 oclock.
the new machine tools yesterday.
) Future
The technicians of our plant will increase They will be increasing it little by little.
the productivity of this experimental machine tool.
6. , , .
1. We are installing new equipment... Present Indefinite Passive
2. It was installed... Past Continuous Passive
3. It was being installed... Future Indefinite Passive
4. It is installed... Present Continuous Active
5. It will be installed... Past Indefinite Passive
6. It is being installed... Future Continuous Active
7. We will be installing it... Present Continuous Passive
7. , :
1. Interesting and important researches are done all over the world. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our institute. 2. Weather conditions in the North were studied by meteorologists. The information about these conditions was being studied by our for a week. 3. The accuracy of machine tools will be improved from year to year. One machine tool is being worked at in our laboratory. 4. Prospects of the usage of solar energy are understood by everybody. Now solar energy and its usage are being studied by a lot of re groups.
International Words
8. He , . .
condenser- periodic-
element- regulate-
filter- ventilator-
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