3. The satellitesrevolveround the Earthlike planets.
4. Einsteingothis firstjob when he was 21.
5. When welookat the Sun, it seems a fire ball.
21. , :
The energy which the Sun radiates every second is a million times greater than the energy which the world consumes every year. Russian scientists found a way of utilizing this immense supply energy with great efficiency. They constructed a very cheap water cater which uses solar energy. Such heaters will be used in specially designed houses. There is a factory which manufactures solar heaters for heating and hot-water systems. There is a solar-powered boiler in Simferopol which heats a five-storey hotel. Buildings of several designs which use solar energy for heating and illuminating are also built in other southern regions of our country.
*22. :
1. How great is the energy which the Sun radiates every second?
a) hundred times greater than is necessary for our whole country;
b) hundred times smaller than the world consumes every year;
c) a million times greater than the energy which the world consumes every year.
2. What kind of water heater did Russian scientists construct?
a) a water heater which uses atomic energy;
b) an expensive water heater;
c) a water heater which uses solar power.
3. In what regions are there houses with solar heaters?
a) in northern regions;
b) in southern regions;
c) in the Far East regions.
23. , , :
1. Scientists do research work which helps to utilize... power with great.... Scientists do research work which helps to utilize heats power with great illuminates.
2. Russian scientists constructed water... which uses solar Russian scientists constructed water heater which uses solar energy.
3. There is a factory which... solar heaters. There is a factory which manufactures solar heaters.
4. The energy of the Sun... and... houses. The energy of the Sun efficiency and solar houses.
5. There are already many houses which use................ in... regions of our country. There are already many houses which use solar heaters in southern regions of our country.
heats; southern; solar, efficiency; illuminates; energy; heater; manufactures; solar heaters
Revision Exercise
, ) :
1. There are... scales in which we measure temperature. There are some scales in which we measure temperature.
2. Do you know... about this phenomenon? No, I know... about it. Do you know anything about this phenomenon? No, I know nothing about it.
3. Are there... new instruments in your laboratory? Yes, there arc... Are there some new instruments in your laboratory? Yes, there arc any.
4. If you dont know how to solve this equation, ask... to help. If you dont know how to solve this equation, ask anybody to help.
|
|
|
5. I did not find my drawing, I think that it is... on your shelf. I did not find my drawing, I think that it is somewhere on your shelf.
6. He was late because he didnt ask... to show him the way. He was late because he didnt ask somebody to show him the way.
7. The problem was so difficult that... could solve it. The problem was so difficult that nobody could solve it.
nobody; anything; some; anybody; somewhere; any; nothing; somebody
5
Exercises
1. :
Up, cut, plus, ultra, judge, hundred, current, structure, subject, upper, sudden, con'duct, con'struct, dis'cuss, re'sult, put, pull, full, push, bush, fur, turn, bum, further, furnish, surface, turner, furniture, furnace, re'tum
tube, due, cube, use, unit, rule, blue, true, suit, fruit, future, union, utilize, universe, pro'duce, in'clude, re'sume
durable, during, surely, curious
2. : ch:
[ks] fix, mix, next, extra, excellent, complex, ex'cept, ex'plain, ex'pand, ex'tremely, ex'temal
[gz] e'xist, e'xam, e'xert, e'xact, e'xample
[J] inch, branch, launch, chamber, change, chain, at'tach, re'search
[kj school, scheme, chemical, technical, architect, mechanism, technology, me'chanical, chemistry
[J] ma'chine
Control Exercise
up, used, industrial, revolution, re'sult, ma'chine, cut, must, mechanism, true, e'xist, bench, such, hundred, accuracy, pro'duce, number, pro'duction, me'chanically, complex, fully, unit, regulate, future, cure, surface, furnish, during
3. , :
) :
1. We must use new methods in our research work.
2. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at Power stations.
3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure.
4. The planet Pluto is so far away that we cannot study it easily,
5. They ought to help their friend to solve this important problem.
6. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very slowly.
7. You should turn off the light before you leave the room.
1. .
2. - .
3. , .
4. , ,
5. .
6. , .
7. , .
) :
1. The students were unable (were not able) to do the work without their teachers help. He had to help them.
2. You neednt take all these measurements. We already know volume of gas in this tube.
3. This power station was to supply us with all necessary energy.
4. He had to work hard before he was able to complete his research.
5. The atom is to serve mankind.
6. You will have to show the equation to your teacher.
7. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon.
8. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the class.
1. () . .
|
|
|
2. . .
3. .
4. , .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. , .
International Words
4. ) , . ; . , .
) , . .
mechanism -
automation - metal -
basis - principle -
engineer - production -
industry - progress -
inspect - technological -
machine -
) , .
Complex - operation -
Factor - product -
form - structure -
module -
:
-
. , , , .
. , , , .. . ? - , . , , . , .
. . - , . , . " " .
, . - .
. - , , , . , .
.
5. :
1. What types of machine tools are there nowadays? Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.
2. What are the basic operations at a workshop? They are turning, drilling threading, etc.
3. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine with special tools which can cut or form metal parts.
4. Why must tools be made of very hard steels and alloys? The metal that cuts another metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys.
|
|
|
5. Is the tool itself big or small? The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.
6. What improves the accuracy of machine tools? Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools.
7. What is one of the main factors of engineering progress?
8. What forms the basis for automated workshops? Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops.
9. What is the main principle of a flexible line? The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously.
WORD STUDY
6. , , :
progress, increase, export, record, project, alloy
, , , , ,
7. , , , :
product ive methods, drill ing tools, change able parts, the theory of relativ ity, continu ous process, high ly efficient devices, great think er, power ful motors, large ly experimental construct ion, accelera tion process, use less heat, technologi cal progress, flexi ble lines.
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
8. () ():
) below, short, large, right, simple, on, after, light, easy, hard, near, high, late, man-made, similar
) far, different, difficult, dark, small, long, low, early, natural, above, left, complex, before, under, soft
below - above, short - far, large - small, right - different, simple - difficult, on - under, after - before, light - dark, easy - left, hard - soft, near - long, high - low, late - early, man-made - natural, similar - complex
9. - :
| I | myself. | We | ourselves. | ||
| You | can do this | yourself. | You | can do this | yourselves. |
| He | work | himself. | They | work | themselves. |
| She | herself. | ||||
| It | itself |
1. The student cannot solve this equation we must show him how it do.
2. Must we take the measurement... or shall we get the figures from the table?
3. An automatic machine tool can do this work....
4. The tools... are much smaller than the mechanisms that direct them.
5. The Moon... doesnt light the Earth the light of the Moon is only the reflected sunlight.
6. There are a number of automatic machine tools that can measure and inspect their production....
1. The student cannot solve this equation yourself we must show him how do it.
2. Must we take the measurement themselves or shall we get the figures from the table?
3. An automatic machine tool can do this work himself.
4. The tools themselves are much smaller than the mechanisms that direct them.
5. The Moon itself doesnt light the Earth the light of the Moon is only the reflected sunlight.
6. There are a number of automatic machine tools that can measure and inspect their production oneself.
* 10. . .
1. We must use the new tools to cut and form this metal part. We must not use the new tools to cut and form this metal part. We must use the new tools to cut and form this metal part?
|
|
|
, . , . , ?
2. This equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. This equipment cannot produce parts with very high accuracy. Can this equipment produce parts with very high accuracy?
. . ?
3. They could easily define the properties of this material. They could not easily define the properties of this material. Does they could easily define the properties of this material?
. . ?
4. He may complete all necessary measurements himself. He may not complete all necessary measurements himself. Does he may complete all necessary measurements himself?
. . ?
5. With the help of a new device the scientist could see some strange rays. With the help of a new device the scientist could not see some strange rays. With the help of a new device the scientist could see some strange rays? . . ?
11. , to have.
1. The accuracy of these automatic machines is very high. These machines are to replace the old equipment of our shop.
2. Atom is a great force. It is to serve mankind.
3. The students are not at the laboratory. They are to be at the laboratory at 6 oclock.
1. . .
2. - . .
3. . 6 .
1. Due to the Sun people have immense supplies of energy. We have to build special solar stations to convert solar energy into electrical one.
2. He had much work. He had to work hard to improve his project.
3. As these machines will have a device which is necessary for automatic measurements and inspection, the workers will use these machines in their work.
4. Physicists have a great many of very important problems. They have to place the atom completely at the service of man.
1. - . , .
2. . , .
3. , , .
4. . .
12. , :
1. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system.
2. One should turn off the gas when one leaves home.
3. This part is very complex and the worker has to use special tools to cut it.
4. We ought to say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire.
5. We should be prepared for scientific study of life on other planets.
6. Atoms must serve mankind.
7. The lecture is to begin at 6 oclock. We ought to come in time.
8. You were to replace the tool by another one, why didnt you do it?
9. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine tool.
10. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to scientific journal.
11. The use of new machinery should increase the output of coal by per cent per month.
13. , , :
1. These machine tools can produce () with very high ().
2. This lathe performs () and ( ).
3. The machine tool which is to perform turning is called the ( ).
|
|
|
4. The new workshop houses a new () module.
5. The flexible production line consists of a programmable machine tool, a robot, which () the parts automatically, and an electronic control system.
6. The module is able to switch from one product to another which has () structure but () outline.
7. () lathe-robot can put questions to the operator.
turning; parts; lathe; flexible; handles; similar; accuracy; multipurpose; threading; different
14. , one:
1. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modem industry.
2. He knew that no one could help him.
3. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one.
4. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials.
5. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.
6. One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.
7. The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones.
8. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.
9. One should always be careful when one operates this machine tool.
10. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.
1. - .
2. , .
3. , .
4. - .
5. , .
6. .
7. , .
8. , .
9. , .
10. .
15. , , . .
1. A point () is a position in space.
2. Magnetic needles always point () in the direction of the North Pole.
3. We usually measure () volume in cubic centimetres.
4. A kilogram is a unit of weight measure () in the metric system.
5. Every second four million tons of the solar energy go out into the space as l ight () and heat ().
6. The solar energy must light () and heat () our houses.
7. This building houses () a new technical library.
8. Einstein gave all his life to the i ncreas e () of human knowledge.
9. The discoveries in physics increase () our possibilities in other sciences.
10. Our professor always answers () all our questions.
11. At the age of 70 Einstein still looked for the answers () to new secrets of time and space.
12. The lathe can cut and form () metal parts.
13. The form() of this part is absolutely new.
1. - .
2. .
3. .
4. - .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. 70 .
12. .
13. .
16. , (, , ):
| e | ||||
| Einstein The leachcr | gave showed | his students | all his life some interesting experiments. | to sciencc |
1. Mr. Hallillustrateshis lectureswith diagrams.
2. Hedeliverslectures to the students.
3. Einsteinsideasproducedrevolutionin science.
4. The professortalkedwith his students about scientificproblems.
5. The scientistsubmittedhis articleto a physical journal.
6. The operatorgave the robota new task.
17. , :
The New Technology Exhibition is devoted to economic and social developments. Its exhibits show efforts to improve the quality and efficiency of the region production. A large section of the exhibition demonstrates electronics.The most impressive of the exhibits are robots. They can cut metals drill boles, compute and teach. All robots are very much things of the present. A multipurpose lathe-robot is specially interesting in that it can ask questions. An engineer showed how it works. He pressed a key which has the mark Thread cutting. And Thread pitch? immediately appeared on the video display screen. The engineer pressed another key with the mark I. Another question came on: Thread length?. The robot has to get all the answers to all its questions before it goes to work.Another exhibit is a robot which is to operate some metallurgical processes. Before it starts working its operator must take him by hand and go through all the programme. The robot memorizes the instructions
and then is able to do everything by itself and without any mistakes. Its memory can hold as many as 70 programmes.
Practically all the equipment on display serves to improve the productivity. The exhibition programme provides for high increase in production of technologically perfect, top-quality and efficient types of machinery.
18. :
1. By New Technology Exhibition is meant:
a) an exhibition in St. Petersburg;
b) a programme of economic and social developments;
c) a documentary film.
2. The most impressive of the exhibits are:
a) display screens;
b) lathes;
c ) robots.
3. All robots are the things of
a) the past;
b) the present;
c) the future.
4. A multipurpose lathe-robot is specially interesting in that it can:
a) answer questions;
b) work without mistakes;
c) ask questions.
5. The robot is used to operate:
a) some metallurgical processes;
b) chemical process;
c) a turning process.
Revision Exercise
19. , :
A machine tool is not a new invention. Machine tools existed lone long ago. But the machines of today are quite different from those of the past and the machines of the future will be completely different from any we can see today. First of all, they should have a much higher productivity and should be more economical. In the near future we will see new machine tools which will have very high cutting speeds. Tomorrow automatic machinery will also assemble and regulate the production of machines. The worker will have only to regulate the production process and control machines and systems of machines.
. . , , . , . , . . .
6.
3. :
1. This lathe is demonstrated in a technical laboratory. This lathe is not demonstrated in a technical laboratory. Is This lathe demonstrated in a technical laboratory? . . ?
