.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


() ()

?

?

, . , , (. . ) , .

, , . , () , . () .

(?), , , , , () , , , . () (). , , (?). , () () , , , (?). . , ( ) .

, () ? , - - - - . , , () , , , , .

. , , (?), , ??? . - . , , , , . the SED?? , ( , , ). : , , , , , 96 , , , . , x y, , ; , , , , , , .

- , . , . , . , , , .

() ()

, (), , . , , , . , ( ). XX , . , , ( ) (, ), in question; , ( , ), .

keep , cup cool , ? () . , keep , [k+]. cup , [k]. , cool , [k-]; () . , , , . , . , , , [k+] k , [k-] k , [k] ( ) . ( (), ). [k+] , [k-] [k] . , /k/. , , . , .

. , () , /ſ/ sheep shop .

 

??? [d] , adore , (!) , . , under , , ( , ) , , , [n] . kidney , ( ) , , , , [d] [n], ( ) [n]. elder ( , L) [d] ( , ); badly ; mildly (). , /d/.

. /u:/ /j/, ; , beauty , few , music , booty , food , moon . /u:/ /.

. () (1. , ; 2. ) ( /b, d, g,, v,, z, /) , /d / budget , rejoice , a joke , a large one . , () , , , /d / James!, Miss Gerrard, vengeful , ledge . ( () , , , , ).

, (), , . , () /sh/ sheep shop, - () /i/ /sh/ .

, , , (, [sh] sheep & shop). , , . - .

() /l/ . () , ( ) , ( ) /j/ ( milk, blow , valley , million, fall off ) , , /w/ (, milk, meals, always, feel). , , , , meals, , , [l] . , . [l] , . /l/, () .

, , , [ph] pin . , , , happy, , /s/, spin , .

, , /r/ . , red, bright, arrive; (), marry, story, stir it . , , , . /r/.

?? , 1950- , - , , ( ), . , : ( ).

1.2.3. .

() . , , [m] [w] ( ), [t] [k] ( ), [t] [s] ? , [tw] twin [dw] dwell, , , (), (), /t/ /d/ .

, (), , . , , [h] [ng], [h] , [ng] . , , . ( , [h] , , , McGrath [məgrah]; meringue [mərang] , ).

, [t] , /t/. , ??? [k] ( ), /k/. , () [t] , , right [rai] [rait].

 

R, R L (3.2.1-2, 3.4.4 ). dare [dεə], weir [wiə], [ə], , /r/ ( /r/); [] ( ) red [ə] dare weir . , , , ( RP received pronunciation ) , diary , weary ; , /rr/ , [ə] [] /r/. ( ) [ə], [ ] , [u]; () [l] ( /l/) .

, , , - , , /h/ [h] , here [hiə] /hih/ .

( 1960) .

 

1.2.4. ()

: . , , , , . , ( ), , , , () () . 1.2.2. , [l] [l] , : () [l] /j/, () [l] . , .

, , ?? (occurrence) . , , () , . , , . , [r] [r] , . , , thread , , , , . thread thread .

, . , [th] [t] ; () [t] .

, , , , , , , , , . , [t] /t/ , , , . [t] , , 80% , 20%.

, . , [n] [ng], , , run [r^n] rung [r^ng] (. . .), win [win] wing [wing] . - : [n] [ng] /n/ /ng/; /ng/ . , , rung (. . .) wing [ng], [n g]. , [ng] , think , thing , , [n] . [n] [ng] : wing /wing/. . , think /θiηk/ , /θink/ . ( , 1.2.11.)

, , ?? . , , put, pull, book, butcher , foot full [u], cut, gull , luck, much, cup dull [^]. , , {u] ? , [^] . , , [u] [^] . , , pun , butter, fumble vulture ; sugar, cook, good cushion. , , [^] [u] , , . , , , /l/, . , book buck , . , .

, , , , , . , , , , , .

pane pain -, sale sail , raze raise : . , , ( ), , [pe:n] [pein] . /e:/ /ei/ , . , ( , SED) , , .

 

 

. , , , , .

, . , , .

, , , , , , r- r- , , start, short, near, square, , /r/; , [iu] , /iu/ - , /i/ /l/.

1.2.9 Phonological rules

( ), , () . , , () ( ) ( ). , , . , , , . , , , .

, bad /bæd/. ? , , , , - . , bad girl [bæg], 1.2.8.

- -. - , . , , -: . , , /p, t, k/ .

(14) :

, , , / , _ , . (14) pin, toss, carry, appoint, return, account, rip , lost, back, supper, letter, lacquer , persuade, tomorrow, connection. (14) : , /s/ , , spin, staff, skull , aspire , restore, askance , .

, , . , (), , (), , . , [r] Kenya and Uganda the magnolia in the garden

(15) 0 r/ə_##Vowel

support

(16) ə - 0 / [ ] _ [ ][ ]

/ən/ [n] hidden ..

(17) ən n / [ ][] _

( ).

The sound patter of English (1968, SPE). , . , , , . electric electricity, critic criticize, medical medicine, , /k/ [s] . ( , /k/ king, kitty, kite , manikin , [k] /i/ /ai/). .

. - , , , , . - , , . , - , : , .

1.2.10 Natural classes

- (, [p] [i]). : (, , ). , , ( ). , [p] . , , /p, t, k/, , , /p/. , , (), .

 

, , . , , , . (14)

(14)

(14) (14)

( ) C V ( ), (14) (14)

(14)

() , .

, , () , , )) . , (14) , . [p], - ( ), -, , , [ph]/

1.2.11

, () , : , . , 1.2.7 8 . , ( , ).

. [ng] sing, think, angle ( [ng]). , , , , / . ? sing , - ? sing sin, bang () ban, rung run, run rum, : /ng/, , [ng]. , , , /ng/ [ng] /n/ /ng/. : (18) [g] (19)

?? (18)[ ] /

, , . , , (18) .

?? (19) g o / Nasal _ #

18 19 (?) sing, think, angle (20) ( ).

(20)

/g/ angle (19), . , , longing , banger , . (21). ( /r/ . ).

(21)

 

, , . stronger, strongest, younger, youngest, longer, longest [g] [ng], , [g] (19). wrong , - wronger wrongest, [g]. , , stronger . strong, young, long , , , (19) , er ( ) est ( ).

, . , .

, : - [g] , (19). : gingham / , Langham dinghy . () : ham gingham Langham - , .

(19) , , , 1.2.4. , , , , , [thiηg] etc., (19). (19), [g].

, , [fiηər] finger. , , (19) (19), :

(19) g 0 / Nasal () _

[g], , , . ( , , , , engage ).

. thumb, climb, lamb ? /b/ (19) , [g], [b], . ( , , - ), (19) (19):

(19) non-coronal consonant 0/ Nasal _ #

(22)

thumb timber . [m] [η] - [mb] , # (camel vs. gambol , summer vs. number), /m/ . , , thumb. /#θ^m#/, /#θ^mb#/ /#θ^nb#/, . , (18) (19), . , , .

- /η/ , , gingham .



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