, .
, /.
.
:
/ .
/ * 100%
=
/ .
D ; - ; - , .
( D)
:
1. ( . 1%, 1% )
2. ( , )
3. ( . , => )
, D:
1.
2. (, )
3. (. )
D .
D , .
D .
S , ; - .
S:
:
1. .
2. ( )
3.
4. - .
(S )
S:
1. -
2.
3.
:
, .
.
S:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(AD ,AD1 AS,AS1)
(AD ,AD1 AS,AS, AS .)
:
:
1.
2.
3.
4. - .
(AD,AD1 AS)
.:
.
: ,
, .
- , .
.
:
|
|
: , , .
, , ...
% ( , , )
I, Q ( ).
:
:
-
..
.
/ = /\ / /\
:
/ I = /\ / /\ I
/ I = 1/1-
.
/ c= /\ / /\
/ c= 1/1-
/ = /\ / /\
/ = / 1-
/ =/\ / /\
/ = / 1-
/ = 1/RRR * 100%
31 腅
, , -, . : - , , .
:
+ 6 ., - ., .
( ): , , , . , 30 20, 1976 .
., , , , ( , -). + . = 0 => , - .
- , .
. I ( ). MV=P*Q; MV=P*Y; MD= P*Y/V
() I ( ). = +(, , , ).
. : ., , ., , . . . .