, (, , 609 ). 273,16 , (). . 273,15 ( , ), , , T=273,15+t. T=0 . , 0 , .
v . , . . r=const, v= V/m= 1/r. , .
. , , . , (, ).
-
41.
- , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, , -
(, ), . , , , .
, - , , , .
: :
pV = const (41.1) = const, m =const.
, V, , . , , , (. 60).
-: 1) :
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V=V0( 1 +at) (41.2) p = const, m = const;
2) :
p = p0( 1 +at) (41.3) V =const, m =const.
t , 0 V 0 0, a=1/273,15 -1.
, , . V, t (.61) , . , , . , t (. 62) , .
(41.2) (41.3) , t =-1/a=-273,15 , 1+at=0. , (. 62),
T=t+ 1 /a.
(41.2) (41.3) , - :
V=V0(1+at)=V0[1+a(T-1/a)]=v0at,
p=p0(1+at)=p0 [1 +a(- 1 /a)]=0a,
V 1 /V 2 = T 1 /T 2 (41.4)
p = const, m = const,
1/ 2 = T 1/ T 2 (41.5) V =const, m =const,
1 2 , .
: . 22,4110-33/.
, , :
n = 6,0221023 -1.
: , . .
p=p 1 +p 2 +... + pn,
p 1, p 2,..., p n , , , .
, : , V .
, ,
f(, V, ) =0,
.
. (17991864) , -. V 1, 1 1. 2, V 2, 2 (.63). 1 2 : 1) ( 1 1 '), 2) ( 1 ' 2).
(41.1) - (41.5) :
p 1 V 1= p '1 V 2, (42.1)
p '1/ p '2=T1/T2. (42.2)
(42.1) (42.2) ' 1,
p 1 V 1 /T 1 =p 2 V 2 / 2.
1 2 ,
pV/T ,
. .
pV/T =B=const. (42.3)
(42.3) , , .
. . (18341907) , (42.3) , V. , Vm, . R .
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pVm = RT (42.4)
, , .
(42.4), , ( 0 = 1,013105 , T0=273,15 K:, Vm= 22,4110-33/): R = 8,31 /().
(42.4) . l/m, V = (m/M) Vm, ( ). (/).
v = m/M .
, :
k=R/N=1,3810-23 /.
(42.4)
p = RT/Vm = kNAT/Vm = nkT,
N A/ V m = n ( ). ,
p = nkT (42.6)
, ( ). . , 1 3 , :
NL = P0/(kT0) = 2,681025 -3.
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- . , , , . DS (. 64) , . , , m 0 v-(-m 0 v)=2m 0 v, 0 , v .
Dt DS , DS v D t (.64). n D Sv D t (n ).
, , ,
DS , . , 1/3 , (1/6) , . , , DS 1/6nDSvDt.
D = 2 m 0 v 1/6 n D Sv D t =1/3n m 0 v 2D S D t.
, ,
p =DP/(DtDS)=1/3nm0v2. (43.1)
V N ,
v 1, v 2,..., vN,
.
(43.1) (43.2)
= 1/30 <v>2. (43.3)
(43.3) - . -
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.
, n = N/V,
.
m = Nm 0, (43.4)
pV =1/3m<v>2.
= ( ),
pV m=1/3M<v>2,
Vm . , , pVm=RT. ,
RT=1/3 <v>2,
= m0NA, m0 , N , (43.6) ,
k = R/NA . , 480 /, 1900 /. 40 160 /.
<e0) =E/N = m0 <v> )2/2 = 3/2kT(43.8)
( (43.5) (43.7)) . , T=0 <e0> =0,,. . 0 , , . , (43.8) - .