.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


4




, . . . .

Antec, Chieftec, Codegen, Enermax, FSP, HEC, Inwin, LinkWorld, Lokur, PowerMan, PowerMaster .

 

2.3.

, - , , , . , , (BIOS), , ( chipset), , , (, , ). .

, . IBM- 1 .

 

2.4.

IBM PC Intel AMD. VIA Transmeta. ( , ) , : Intel Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Xeon, AMD Athlon-MP Optegon. Intel 8086 Cyrix, IBM, UMC, IDT, SGS-Thomson, Texas Instruments, NEC, NexGen, Chip&Technologies (C&P), Harris Semiconductor, Siemens .

2.2 8086, IBM- . .

 

2.2

8086

-
Intel i8086, i8088, i80186, i80188, i80286
i80386 (SX, DX, SL, CX, EX)
i80486 (SX, SL, SXL, SX2, DX, DXL, DX2, DX4)
Pentium (P5, P54C, P54M), Pentium MMX (P55C), Pentium OverDrive,
Pentium Pro (P6, P6L, P6T)
Pentium II (Klamath, Deshutes), Pentium II OverDrive
Pentium III (Katmai, Coppermain, Tualatin)
Pentium II Xeon (Dixon), Pentium III Xeon (Tanner, Cascades)
Celeron (Covington, Mendocino, Coppermain-128, Tualatin)
Pentium 4 (Willamette, Northwood, Prescott), Pentium XE, Pentium D
Xeon (Foster, Prestonia, Nocona), Xeon MP (Foster MP, Gallatin, Potomac)
Celeron (Willamette, Northwood, Prescott), Celeron D
Pentium 4M, Pentium M (Banias, Dothan), Celeron M
   
AMD Am8086, Am8088, Am80186, Am80188, Am80286, Am80C286
Am386 (SX, SXL, SXLV, DX, DXL, DXLV)
Am486 (SX, SXLV, SX2, DX, DXL, DXLV, DX2, DXL2, DX4), Am5x86
K5 (SSA5, 5k86), K6, K6-2 (Chomper), K6-2+, K6-III (Sharptooth), K6-III+
Athlon (Argon, K7, K75, Pluto, Orion, Thunderbird)
Athlon XP (Palomino, Thoroughbred-A, Thoroughbred-B, Barton, Thorton)
Athlon 4, Athlon MP
Duron (Spitfire, Morgan, Applebred)
Athlon 64 (ClawHammer, NewCastle, Winchester, SanDiego, Venice)
Athlon 64 FX (ClawHammer, SanDiego)
Optegon (SledgeHammer, ClawHammer)
Athlon 64 X2 (Manchester, Toledo)
Sempron (Thoroughbred-B, Barton, Thorton, Palermo, Paris, NewCastle. Manila)
Geode (GX, NX)
   
Cyrix Cx486 (SLC, DLC, SRx, SRx2, DRx, DRx2, S, S2, DX, DX2, DX4)
Cx5x86, M I (Cx6x86, Cx6x86L, Cx6x86LV), Cx6x86MX, M II
Media GX, -GXM
   
VIA VIA Cyrix III (Cayenne, Gobi, Joshua, Matthew)
VIA C3 (Samuel, Samuel 2, Ezra, Ezra-T, Eden, Nehemiah, Antaur)
   
Centaur WinChip (IDT C6), WinChip 2 (A, B), WinChip 3
   
Rise mP6 (Kirin, Lynx)
   
Transmeta Crusoe (TM3200, TM5400, TM5600, TM5500, TM5800, TM5700, TM5900)
Efficeon (Astro)
   
NexGen Nx586, Nx586FP, Nx686
   
NEC V20, V25 (+), V30, V33, V35 (+), V40, V45, V50, V55
   
Texas Instr. TI80486 (SXL, SXLC, SLC, SXL2, SXLC2, DLC, DX2, DX4)
   
IBM IBM 386SLC, 486 (SLC, SLC2, DLC, DLC2) ( Cyrix)
Blue Lightning (486BLX, -BLX2, -BLX3)
IBM 5x86C, M I (L, LV), M II
   
SGS-Thomson ST486 (DX2, DX4), 5x86, M I ( Cyrix)
   
UMC U5S, U5SD, U5SF, U5SLV, U5FLV, U486SX2, U486DX2
   
C&T 38600SX, 38605SX, 38600DX, 38605DX
   
Harris Semic. HS80C86, HS80C88, HS80C286
   
Siemens SAB8086, SAB8088, SAB80186, SAB80188, SAB80286
   
OKI Semic. MSM80C86, MSM80C88
   
Hitachi H80C88
   
CCCP 181086, 181086, 181088

 

, : ( ), . . . . 2.3 .

 

2.3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - 7. , , 8. 9. 10. , 11. 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. 1. , , 2. 3. 4. ( , , , .) 5. ( .)

 

.

1. . . , . LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) QFP (Quad Flat Pack) . , , TCP (Tape Carrier Package) BGA (Ball Grid Array), .

2. , 90 . , . - . SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) SEPP (Single Edge Processor Package). SECC . SEPP . Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron Slot-1, Xeon Slot-2, Athlon Slot-A.

3. , . PGA (Pin Grid Array). PGA , . PGA: SPGA Staggered PGA ( ); PPGA Plastic PGA; CPGA Ceramic PGA; OPGA Organic PGA; FC-PGA Flip Chip PGA; mPGA Micro PGA. (socket) LIF (Low Insertion Force) ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). ZIF , . ZIF : . . , , . .

PGA , , LIF ZIF . LGA, Intel Pentium 4, , , .

 

2.5.

, . 80486DX 50 . Pentium 4 Athlon 130 , .

( ) . , . (). , ( . cooler ). :

1) (, );

2) . (). Socket-7 Socket-370 , Socket-A ;

3) , ( Retention Mechanism) . ( ) . . Socket-478, Socket-754, Socket-939.

. , . , , , . .

(Fan) . . ( +12 ) , . Pentium II , , , .

; .

Intel AMD Titan, Thermaltake, GlacialTech, AVC, Cooler Master, Evercool, Sanyo .

 

2.6.

8086, 8088, 80286 80386SX/DX, 80486SX, . , . Intel AMD, Cyrix, IIT, ULSI, C&T, Abacus Weitek, , 8087.

. 2.4 , IBM- . .

 

2.4

-
Intel i8087, i80187, i80287 (XL), i80387 (SX, DX, SL), i80487 (SX)
   
AMD Am80C287
   
Cyrix Cx287, FastMath (Cx82S87, Cx83D87, Cx83S87, Cx387+, EMC87)
Cx387DX, Cx387SX, Cx4C87DLC, Cx487S
   
ULSI Math*Co (83S87, 83C87)
   
IIT 2C87, 3C87, 3C87SX, 4C87DLC, 4C87
   
C&T Super Math (38700DX, 38700SX)
   
NexGen Nx587
   
Weitek Abacus (1167, 3167, 4167)
   
181087

 

2.7.

SIPP, SIMM, DIMM RIMM. PC/XT PC/AT 80286. . 2.5 ( ).

 

2.5

, , ,
SIPP   DRAM, FPM DRAM 8 (9)   0,25-4
SIMM-30   DRAM, FPM DRAM 8 (9)   0,25-4
SIMM-72   FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM 32 (36)   1-64
DIMM-168   EDO DRAM, SDRAM 64 (72 80)   8-512
DIMM-184   DDR SDRAM 64 (72, 80)   64-1024
DIMM-240   DDR-II SDRAM 64 (72, 80)   128-2048
RIMM   Rambus DRAM 16 (18)   64-256

 

SIPP, SIMM, DIMM, RIMM (4 6 ) , DRAM .

SIPP (Single In-Line Pin Package) SIMM-30 (Single In-Line Memory Module) . 80286, 80386 80486. SIPP , (SIMM, DIMM, RIMM) , .

SIMM-72 72 . 80386, 80486 Pentium Pentium II. SIPP SIMM .

80286 80386SX SIPP SIMM-30 , 80486 SIPP SIMM-30. . Pentium SIMM-72 .

DIMM-168 (Dual In-Line Memory Module) 5- 6- (Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, Athlon, Duron .). DIMM-168 SDRAM. PC-66, PC-100, PC-133. . DIMM-168 , .

DIMM-184 DDR SDRAM 6- 7- (Pentium III, Pentium 4, Athlon, Duron .). DIMM-184 PC1600, PC2100, PC2700, PC3200, (/). DDR200, DDR266, DDR333, DDR400 , ( 2100 , 2133 , 2166 , 2 200). DIMM-184, (, PC4200). .

DIMM-240 DDR-II SDRAM 32- 64- 8- (Pentium 4 Prescott, Athlon 64). DDR-II SDRAM. DDRII-400, DDRII-533, DDRII-667, DDRII-800, ( 4100 , 4133 , 4166 , 4 200). DDR-II , DIMM-240 .

DIMM Pentium Pentium Pro . DIMM , .

, DIMM .

RIMM (Rambus Interface Memory Module) 6- 7- . Pentium 4 ( Pentium III). RIMM . RIMM PC600, PC700, PC800, PC1066, (600, 700, 800, 1066 ).

:

1) ( 1 18);

2) (DIP, SOJ, TSOP, BGA);

3) ;

4) 256 1024 ( 256 512 , 1, 4, 16, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 );

5) (, 88);

6) , ( 1 4 );

7) ( ) ( SPD Serial Presence Detect), , . DIMM RIMM, , . EEPROM 2 , QPF c 8 ;

8) ( ) . DIMM (Buffered Registered DIMM) (Unbuffered DIMM). ;

9) . (Parity checking). ECC (Error Checking and Correction), , . (, );

10) (5 SIPP SIMM; 5 3,3 DIMM-168; 2,5 DIMM-184; 1,8 DIMM-240).

, .

DIMM SO-DIMM (Small Outline DIMM). 72- 144- SO-DIMM.

Samsung, Microm, Infineon, Hynix, Nanya, Elpida, Mosel, Vitelic, PSC, Winbond, Toshiba, Vanguard, EliteMT, Siemens, NCP, Texas Instruments, Alliance. . Corsair, GEIL, Kingston, Patriot, PQI, Transcend, OCZ.

 

2.8.

( ) , . . , . , , , . - Flex-ATX All-In-Ones .

.

 

2.8.1.

, , , , () . , , "" .

: , ( 2 8 ), ( , Flash-ROM) -BIOS, , ( , .). AGP, AGP Pro PCI-Express. PCI, VLB, ISA. , , PCI+AGP AGP+PCI-E. AGP . 2.1.

; - RAMDAC . ( ). Pentium 4 Athlon (, GeForce 6800 nVidia 220 . ). . GPU Graphics Processing Unit.





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