. . , .
. , .
- , . , . . , , .
- , , . , . , . , .
20. My Working Day (1)
On week days I usually get up nearly six o'clock. I do not like to get up early, but I have to, because I have a lot of work to do during the day.
I make my bed, wash my face, put my clothes on and go to the kitchen to have breakfast. My mother usually prepares, breakfast for me, but sometimes I do it myself. If I prepare my breakfast for my own, I should have to get up earlier. I do not like big breakfasts; I prefer a cup of coffee and a sandwich.
Then I go to universityl. It is rather far from my house and I go there by bus. I have university till two or three o'clock, it depends on a week day. Then I come home and have dinner. I like a big dinner, because when I come home from school I am hungry.
After my dinner, I have a rest for a couple of hours and then I do my homework. If I have some spare time I do some work about the house. I sweep the floor, dust the furniture and clean the carpets with the vacuum-cleaner. Sometimes my mother asks me to go shopping.
Then I have free time. I go for a walk with my friends or watch TV, or read books or play my favourite computer games. Then I have supper with my family. I like evenings very much, all members of our family get together after work and study and have the opportunity to talk and to discuss our family affairs.
I usually go to bed at about ten o'clock, sometimes at eleven o'clock.
(1)
. , , , .
, , . , . , . ; .
. , . , . . ; , , .
|
|
|
, , . , - . , . , .
. , , , . . , , .
, ,
21. The Man and Music.
Music in Our Life
I love music, I think people can not live without it. The first thing I do in the morning I switch on my tape recorder.
We can hear music everywhere: in the streets, in the shops, on TV, over the radio, in the cars, in the parks, everywhere. I think it's really doesn't matter what kind of music you prefer: rock, pop, classical, jazz. A lot of people are fond of music. They buy tapes, go to the concerts, visit Concert Halls and Opera Theatres.
I enjoy listening music because it reflects my moods and emotions. Very often when I'm blue, I play my favourite merry songs and feel much better.
Sometimes I attend music halls and the concerts, when popular groups and singers are there. I like watching music programs on TV. I like to know more and more about popular talented groups and singers I like.
One wall of my room is covered with posters of "Bon Jovi", "Scorpions", "Roxette", Russian singers Agutin, Sjutkin, Linda and others. Some people go to musics schools, they play different musical instruments, sing in the chorus, try to compose music.
Unfortunately there are so many ungifted singers on the stages, that it makes me sad. To have a good producer doesn't mean to have good ears and voice. I think that only talented people can claim to be singers.
, , . , .
: , , , , . , , : , , , . . , , .
, . , , .
, . . , .
" ", "", "". , , .
. , , .
|
|
|
, , . . , .
22. Computers in our life
| When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldnt imagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers, the complicated descedants of his simple machine. Computers are used more and more often in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficent than human beings. They have much better memories and they can store much information. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can predict weather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music. Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers. Computers are one of great importance in modern hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various dessieses and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on simpthoms in the computer and get the nessesary information on correct diagnostics and treatment. Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning from experience and remembering what they have learned. Such a machine is capable of recognising objects without human help or control. Of course, they made many mistakes. There is another similar machine which can look at letter alphabet a simple words and they "say" thought a loudes speaker what it has seen. The machine has as certain learning power. Information science with the ideas and message of processing and storing informations is of great importance today. Thats why computer technology must be tought in secondary schools. Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studing new subject. School computers are used not only for studing information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers. |
'
Babbage, , 1812, , . , ', descedants .
' , , - efficent, . ' . ͳ 500000 , ' . , ' , , . , - , .
ҳ ' , ' '.' -
' - . ' - equired 50 . ͳ . ҳ - '. simpthoms dessieses . simpthoms ' nessesary .
|
|
|
' ' . desighned , ', . , ' . , .
, , "" loudes , . .
. ' tought . , . ' , . , , , '.
23. Man and Television.
It is almost impossible to imagine our life without TV. It plays a great and a very important role in the life of modern man. There is practically no family that doesn't have a TV set. TV is one of the mass media kinds. Radio and newspapers tell us about different events but TV not only tells but also shows. TV has a lot of channels and everybody can watch the programs he likes. Our television suggests various programs: talk show and game show, news and sporting events, about animals and about foreign countries and so on. Soaps-lovers can watch their favorite films almost every day. TV shows us a lot of films of different countries: detective and melodrama, comedy and triller. As former I like to see adventure films, fantasy, comedies. My favorite sporting events programs are about volleyball, swimming, track-and-field athletics and gymnastic. I watch many programs with great interest. These programs are: a wild nature program, "Anshlag", some game shows and so on. There are a lot of films (most of them of foreign TV-companies) with a great number of corpses, with seas of blood now. It's not very good to my mind. I think that one of the aims of TV is to bring up TV-viewers, to cultivate love to our country, kindness and other positive features of character.
. . ', TV. - -. 䳿 , . , . : , 䳿, , . . : , triller. , , 䳿. , , . . ֳ : , "Anshlag", , .
|
|
|
( ) , . . , - , , .
24.How I Spend My Day-off.
| My Day off | |
| My name is Catherine. Im fifteen years old. Ive moved to St. Petersburg recently. I study six days a week thats why I try to spend my only day off merrily and interestingly. In the morning I wake up later than usual. I like to lie slugging a bed and to watch TV. Television shows many interesting programmes on Sunday. My mother cooks something delicious at the weekend. She bakes cakes or sweet buns. We have breakfast together and then walk around the town. Im fond of painting thats why I like to visit art exhibitions. In the evening I meet with friends and we go the cinema. After the film we spend time in any cafe or McDonalds and compare notes. Sometimes I cant meet with friends and then I spend the whole evening with my parents and elder sister. We go to the theatre or to the concert hall together. I love my day off very much because I can have a good rest and collect my strength for a whole week. | . 15 . -. , . . . . - . . , . , . . - . , . . , - . |
25. Ukrainian Religious Holidays.
The Ukrainians, like any other people, have their own customs and traditions: many of these are very old, some appear nowadays. Most of the customs are connected with the religious festivals or with Ukrainian dwelling. The most popular of the holidays is the New Year Day; it is celebrated on the 1st of January. On the eve of the holiday children and their parents decorate a New Years Tree with shining balls and other Christmas ornaments. The mothers of the families prepare holiday dinners. On that day people exchange presents with their relatives and friends: they often go to see them or invite them to their place to see in the New Year together. They lay festive tables and at 12 oclock raise their glasses with champagne and say to each other Happy New Year. But the Orthodox Church in Ukraine celebrates New Year on the 14th of January to the old-style Calendar. In the evening on the 13th of January children go from house to house and sing Christmas carols: they wish all the best to the people who live in these houses. Of course, the carol-singers are given some reward sweets, cakes or a little money.
The Orthodox Ukrainian people celebrate Christmas on January, 6: the evening before Christmas is called the Holy Evening. On the Holy Evening all the family get together to have the Christmas Supper. According to the religious tradition, it is necessary to prepare 12 different dishes because of 12 apostles; no one at the table can eat till the first star appears in the sky. But, unlike in the English-speaking countries, in Ukraine people do not exchange presents on that day. On the Christmas Evening the religious people go to church; some of them spend the whole night there they pray and listen to Christmas religious songs which glorify Christs birthday. Another religious festival in winter is Twelfth-day or the Jordanian Holiday which is celebrated on memory of Jesus Christs christening (on the 19th of January). n the eve of this holiday at their supper people sing songs which are called the generous songs that is why this evening is called the generous evening, too. In the morning of the Jordanian Holiday the festival procession goes from a church to a river or to a pond where christening of water takes place. After that the priest consecrates the peoples homes and things. Easter is another great religious festival: usually it is celebrated on one of Sundays in spring. On that day the religious people go to church and listen to the service; usually they bring with them baskets with food Easter cakes, butter, cheese and, of course, painted eggs.
|
|
|
The priest in the church consecrates all the food: many people believe that the Easter eggs possess magic power and can protect from evil, thunder or fire and have healing powers. In the morning after the end of the service, the people greet each other with the words: Christ has resurrected! and return home for breakfast. They celebrate Easter as the beginning of spring, too. There are many other interesting customs and traditions in Ukraine, too.
, , : , . . , 1 . .
. : . 12 !. 14 . 13 : , .
, , .
г 6 ; г . . ³ , 12 ; , . , , .
; , .
, - (19 ). , . , - . ϳ . : . ;
26. The Geographical Position of Ukraine.
Ukraine is situated in the south-east of Europe. It borders on Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania.The territory of Ukraine is 603 700 km2.The territory of Ukraine is mostly flat.There are the Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the south, but they are not high.The main rivers are the Dnieper, the Dniester, the Buh, the Donets and others.
The Dnieper is one of the longest European rivers and one of the main sources of hydroelectric power in the country. The coasts of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea are good for ports. We have quite a lot of big sea ports, for example, Odesa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Izmail, Mariupol and Kerch. The geographical position of Ukraine is very favourable because the country lies on the crossroads of the ways from Asia to Europe. Since the times of Kyivan Rus Ukrainian roads have been used for trade contacts. Due to favourable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural country.
Wheat, maize and other corns, vegetables, all kinds of fruit are grown here. The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, non-ferrous metals, oil, gas. It has developed a varied industry, concentrated mostly in and around big cities, such as Kyiv, Zaporizhia, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Kharkiv, Lviv, Mykolaiv and others. Ukraine produces planes and ships, lorries and buses, electronic equipment and agricultural machines, TV and radio-sets and other goods.
. , , , , , . 603 700 2. . , , .
, , , . 㳿 . . , , , , , . , 糿 . . . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , .
27. London, Capital of Great Britain
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic, and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.
London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End, and the East End.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is the St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison. Now it is a museum.
Westminster is the governmental part of London.
Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets, and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there.
The Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of the Trafalgar Square is the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is also famous for its library.
There are a lot of factories, workshops, and docks in the East End.
