Text A
Exercise 2.1
Study the vocabulary:
| 1. | challenging | 1. | ; , |
| 2. | financial accounting | 2. | |
| 3. | management/cost accounting | 3. | , |
| 4. | public accounting | 4. | , |
| 6. | physical inventories (stocktaking) | 6. | , |
| 7. | accounting practices | 7. | |
| 8. | comply with | 8. | ; |
| 9. | to expand (into) | 9. | |
| 10. | non-profit enterprise | 10. | ; |
| 11. | statistical decision model | 11. | |
| 12. | qualification | 12. | |
| 13. | qualify | 13. | ; |
| 14. | relevant | 14. | , |
| 15. | applicant | 15. | ; ; |
| 16. | suggestion | 16. | , |
Exercise 2. 2
Read the text to find out what sort of careers modern accounting offer:
In many countries of the world accounting offers interesting, challenging and well-paid careers today. The profession can be divided into four broad fields: financial accounting, management accounting-public accounting, government and other non-profit accounting and accounting education. Each field of accounting is an important specialisation and represents a challenging career.
For example, the field of public accounting offers services in auditing, taxes and management consulting to the public for a fee. The purpose of auditing is to give the auditor's professional opinion as to whether the company's financial reports fairly represent its financial position and operating results. Auditors check and test the accounting records and controls, as it is necessary to satisfy themselves about the quality of the financial statements. Auditors must prove cash balances, confirm physical inventories, and verify the amounts owed by customers. They must also decide if there are adequate controls and if the company's records are kept in accordance with accepted accounting practices.
As for tax services, public accountants help businesses and individuals in preparing tax returns and complying with tax laws. One of the most important parts of public accounting firms' practice is consulting. With their intimate knowledge of a business's operations, accountants can make important suggestions for their improvement and, as a matter of fact, usually do. In the past, these recommendations dealt mainly with accounting records, budgeting and cost accounting. But in the last few years they expanded into marketing, organisational planning, personnel and recruiting, production, systems and many other business areas. The wide use of computers has led to the offering of services in systems design and control and to the use of mathematical and statistical decision models. Agencies and departments at all levels of government hire accountants to prepare reports so that officials can carry out their duties responsibly. Many other non-profit enterprises besides the government employ accountants. For example, such organisations as hospitals, colleges, and universities are, like the government, interested in compliance with the law and the efficient use of public resources.
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Exercise 2.3
Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
| qualification | a) | ||
| applicant | b) | , | |
| non-profit enterprise | c) | , | |
| accounting practices | d) | , | |
| relevant | e) | , |
Exercise 2.4
Read the passage of the text and fill in the gaps:
As for tax 1, public accountants help businesses and individuals in preparing tax 2 and complying with tax laws. One of the most important parts of public accounting firms' practice is 3. With their intimate knowledge of a business's operations, accountants can make important 4 for their improvement and, as a matter of fact, usually do. In the past, these recommendations dealt mainly with accounting 5, budgeting and cost accounting. But in the last few years they expanded into marketing, organisational planning, personnel and recruiting, production, systems and many other business 6. The wide use of computers has led to the 7 of services in systems design and control and to the use of mathematical and statistical decision models. Agencies and departments at all levels of government hire 8 to prepare reports so that officials can carry out their duties responsibly. Many other non-profit enterprises besides the government employ accountants. For example, such... 9 as hospitals, colleges, and universities are, like the government, interested in compliance with the law and the efficient use of public 10.
| a) | records | f) | returns |
| b) | accountants | g) | areas |
| c) | services | h) | consulting |
| d) | offering | i) | organizations |
| e) | resources | j) | suggestions |
Exercise 2.5
Read the text B:
Accounting educators provide still another career choice. A position of an accounting instructor offers opportunities for teaching, research, and consulting as well. Accounting educators contribute to the accounting profession in many ways. One, of course, lies in effective teaching, another, in publishing significant research findings; and a third, in influencing top students to pursue careers in accounting. Training new accountants is challenging and rewarding, and today instructors of accounting are in great demand in many countries.
At the same time, to make a career in accounting one should be qualified enough to offer high quality professional services. As a rule, professional bodies set qualification standards as well as standards of entry for training. In Britain and the US, to enter training for the qualification, you should have relevant degrees. Relevant degrees are academic degrees that allow entry into the training programmes, or exemption from some parts of the examinations, of various accountancy bodies. In some cases the term-qualifying degree is used instead. Normally such degrees contain financial accounting, management accounting, business finance, taxation, economics, law and statistics. Thus, some degrees that might be though as relevant for the work of an accountant (Like a degree specialising in economics) will not be counted for this purpose. It should be said that the degree does not amount to a professional qualification. It simply qualifies the holder of the qualifying degree to enter training for the qualification. For example, in Britain to get a popular world-recognized accounting qualification one must become a member of the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants of Great Britain (ACCA). To obtain the title of Certified Chartered Accountant one is to pass 14 examinations. In addition to completing examinations successfully, candidates are required to obtain a minimum of three years practical experience to qualify. In order to earn the title of Certified Public Accountant in the USA, one must meet rigorous requirements too. Suffice it to say that an applicant must have a high school education, and four years of college with a major in accounting. Further, the applicant must pass a difficult and comprehensive two-and-one-half-day examination in accounting practise, accounting theory, auditing, and business law. The examination is prepared by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and is held twice a year.
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Exercise 2.6
Match the English words with their English definitions:
| 1. | applicant | a) | to make or become greater in extent, volume, size or scope; increase |
| 2. | comply with | b) | having direct bearing on the matter in hand; pertinent |
| 3. | to expand | c) | demanding or stimulating |
| 4. | qualification | d) | a person who applies as for a job, grant, support, etc.; candidate |
| 5. | relevant | e) | supply on hand |
| 6. | to qualify | f) | acting in an advisory capacity on professional matters |
| 7. | challenging | g) | the recording and controlling of all the expenditures of an enterprise in order to facilitate control of separate activities |
| 8. | management accounting | h) | to act in accordance with rules, wishes, etc.; be obedient to or complaisant. |
| 9. | physical inventory | i) | to provide or be provided with the abilities or attributes necessary for a task, office, duty, etc. |
| 10. | consulting | j) | an ability, quality or attribute esp. one that fits a person to perform a particular job or task; to act of qualifying or state of being qualified |
Exercise 2. 7
Read the passage of the text and focus on peculiarities of training and qualification of future accountants:
Ø Accounting educators provide still another career choice.
Ø A position of an accounting instructor offers opportunities for teaching, research, and consulting as well.
Ø Accounting educators contribute to the accounting profession in many ways. One, of course, lies in effective teaching, another, in publishing significant research findings; and a third, in influencing top students to pursue careers in accounting.
Ø Training new accountants is challenging and rewarding, and today instructors of accounting are in great demand in many countries.
Ø At the same time, to make a career in accounting one should be qualified enough to offer high quality professional services.
Ø As a rule, professional bodies set qualification standards as well as standards of entry for training. In Britain and the US, to enter training for the qualification, you should have relevant degrees.
Ø Relevant degrees are academic degrees that allow entry into the training programmes, or exemption from some parts of the examinations, of various accountancy bodies. In some cases the term-qualifying degree is used instead. Normally such degrees contain financial accounting, management accounting, business finance, taxation, economics, law and statistics.
Ø Thus, some degrees that might be though as be relevant for the work of an accountant (Like a degree specialising in economics) will not be counted for this purpose.
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Ø It should be said that the degree does not amount to a professional qualification. It simply qualifies the holder of the qualifying degree to enter training for the qualification. For example, in Britain to get a popular world-recognized accounting qualification one must become a member of the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants of Great Britain (ACCA).
Ø To obtain the title of Certified Chartered Accountant one is to pass 14 examinations. In addition to completing examinations successfully, candidates are required to obtain a minimum of three years practical experience to qualify.
Ø In order to earn the title of Certified Public Accountant in the USA, one must meet rigorous requirements too. Suffice it to say that an applicant must have a high school education, and four years of college with a major in accounting.
Ø Further, the applicant must pass a difficult and comprehensive two-and-one-half-day examination in accounting practise, accounting theory, auditing, and business law. The examination is prepared by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and is held twice a year.
Exercise 2.8
Rearrange the sentences into chronological order:
1. Auditors must prove cash balances, confirm physical inventories and verify the amounts owed by customers.
2. Relevant degrees are academic degrees that allow entry into the training programs, or exemption of some part of the examinations, of various accountancy bodies.
3. The examination is prepared by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and is held twice a year.
4. In many countries of the world accounting offers interesting challenging and well-paid careers today.
5. A position of an accounting instructor offers opportunities for teaching, research and consulting as well.
6. In order to earn the title of Certified Public Accountant in the USA one must meet rigorous requirements.
7. Agencies and departments at all levels of government hire accountants to prepare reports so that officials can carry out their duties responsibly.
8. To obtain the title of Certified Charted Accountant one is to pass 14 examinations.
9. At the same time to make a career in accounting one should be qualified enough to offer high quality professional cervices.
10. The purpose of auditing is to give the auditors professional opinion as to whether the companys financial report fairly represent its financial position and operating results.
TEXT 3
