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TEXT 1. UNDERSTANDING THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BUILDING UNDERGROUND. 5
TEXT2. MINING. 10
TEXT 3. FACTS ON THE GROUND: THE OK TEDI MINE. 17
TEXT 4. FACTS ON THE GROUND: THE YANACOCHA MINE. 22
TEXT 5. SURFACE MINING. 28
TEXT 6 (A). HEAVY MACHINERY. 33
TEXT 6 (B). ORE MILLS. 37
TEXT 7 (A). UNDERGROUND MINING METHOD. 39
TEXT 7 (B). ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WITH MINING. 41
TEXT 8 (A). MINE COMPLETION. 43
TEXT 8 (B). PLANNING IN MINING. 45
TEXT 9 (A). SUB-SURFACE MINING. 46
TEXT 9 (B). TUNNELS. 49
TEXT 10 (A). UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS. 50
TEXT10 (B). SURFACE MINING. 52
˲ .. 55
TEXT 1. UNDERSTANDING THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BUILDING UNDERGROUND.
Has the idea of living in an underground home tempted you? If so, you're part of a growing minority. More and more people, worldwide, have already or plan to build an earth-sheltered home. Many underground enthusiasts join local and international organizations for support, ideas and information. Most of these enthusiasts and their groups can readily spiel off what they see as the advantages of an underground lifestyle, and, surprisingly to some, our own U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) agrees. Conservative energy use tops just about everyone's list. The DOE says, "An earth-sheltered home is less susceptible to the impact of extreme outdoor air temperatures, so you won't feel the effects of adverse weather as much as in a conventional house. Temperatures inside the house are more stable than in conventional homes, and with less temperature variability, interior rooms seem more comfortable.
Other advantages cited by the DOE include protection against the extremes of Mother Nature, such as high winds, hailstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes and earthquakes; less susceptibility to fire; lower insurance premiums; less maintenance; natural soundproofing; conservative use of land and natural resources.
A buried house provides maximum protection from not only natural disasters but man-made ones, such as explosions, nuclear accidents, burglaries and break-ins. Many claim that earth-sheltered homes are the only way to gain total privacy. Still others like having the ability to grow your food on top of your house.
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So, the most common cause for failure of underground houses is not gross heat escaping the structure but an interior surface temperature that allows condensation.
"The only answer is to have enough insulation so that the interior surface temperature of the walls equals the temperature of the air inside the house. Three inches of urethane or six inches of Styrofoam should be used. And even with super-insulated walls, it's sometimes necessary to dehumidify."
South says. Obviously a Monolithic Dome can be sufficiently insulated to prevent condensation. But before you begin looking for your shovel, you might consider a few other factors. Even the most enthusiastic proponents of underground construction say that getting financing is a problem and resale is almost impossible.
Then too, in some areas building codes could prove troublesome. Some require that all sleeping spaces must have a window with specific dimensions that opens to the outside.
The DOE says that soil type is another critical consideration. They say the best are granular, such as sand and gravel, since they compact well but are permeable and allow water to drain quickly. Cohesive soils, such as clay, and permafrost areas are least suitable for underground construction.
Other factors cited by the DOE include radon, an invisible, odorless radioactive gas produced naturally when uranium in rock decomposes, the groundwater level at a chosen building site, and the selection of an adequate air exchange system.
For all these considerations, the DOE recommends appropriate testing and consultations with professionals. And David South recommends that anyone interested in building an underground Monolithic Dome take "ample advantage of the information and resources we have here at MDL"
Exercise 1. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Ukrainian:
To tempt, spiel off, extreme outdoor air temperatures, adverse weather, hailstorms, hurricanes, insurance premiums, maintenance, natural soundproofing, man-made disasters, to gain total privacy, urethane, critical consideration, granular, permeable, to drain, cohesive soils, permafrost areas, radon, odorless radioactive gas.
