(.. ) . .
, .
, , , , .
.
, , , , . , , , , .
:
V | |
H | |
G | |
P | |
U | |
S |
, , , , .
:
∆( ) = ∑( ) - ∑( )
.
, . .
, . 0 .
( ) , , , .
.
U , . ∆U = 0. , , , . .
( , ). , , . , .
|
|
δQ δW. , .
:
, , .
dU = δQ δW
, :
∆U = ∆H - P∆V
∆H . , , .
, . ∆pH(T), ∆ , p , H , , һ - .
, 1 (105 ) . 298,15 .
, ∆H ( , ∆H < 0), ( , ∆H > 0).
∆H(298 ) , .
1 (105 ) 298 ( ).
.
D ∆H(298 ) .
+ → + D, ∆H(298 )
∆H(298 ) = ∑∆H(298 ) - ∑∆H(298 )
, .
1. :
, . , 298 .
2H2()+ () →CH4
∆H(298 ) CH4() = - 75 /( )
2.
,
2Fe + 3/2O2 = Fe2O3, ∆H(1) = - 822 /
2Fe + O2 = 2FeO, ∆H(2) = - 530 /
|
|
, ∆H(3)
2FeO + 1/2O2 = Fe2O3
, , , :
∆H(3) = ∆H(2) - ∆H(1) = -292 /
, .
G , , :
∆G = ∑G - ∑G
∆pG(298 ) = ∑∆G(298 ) - ∑∆G(298 )
∆pG(T) , 1 . ∆G , ∆G.
∆G(T) , . ∆G(T) ∆H(T) (.. , ) .