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:




:

































 

 

 

 


2.

(.. ) . .

, .

, , , , .

.

 

, , , , . , , , , .

:

V
H
G
P
U
S

 

, , , , .

:

∆( ) = ∑( ) - ∑( )

 

.

, . .

, . 0 .

( ) , , , .

 

.

U , . ∆U = 0. , , , . .

( , ). , , . , .

δQ δW. , .

:

, , .

dU = δQ δW

, :

∆U = ∆H - P∆V

∆H . , , .

, . ∆pH(T), ∆ , p , H , , һ - .

, 1 (105 ) . 298,15 .

, ∆H ( , ∆H < 0), ( , ∆H > 0).

H(298 ) , .

1 (105 ) 298 ( ).

.

D ∆H(298 ) .

+ → + D, ∆H(298 )

H(298 ) = ∑∆H(298 ) - ∑∆H(298 )

 

, .

1. :

, . , 298 .

2H2()+ () →CH4

H(298 ) CH4() = - 75 /( )

 

2.

,

2Fe + 3/2O2 = Fe2O3, ∆H(1) = - 822 /

2Fe + O2 = 2FeO, ∆H(2) = - 530 /

, ∆H(3)

2FeO + 1/2O2 = Fe2O3

, , , :

∆H(3) = ∆H(2) - ∆H(1) = -292 /

 

, .

G , , :

∆G = ∑G - ∑G

pG(298 ) = ∑∆G(298 ) - ∑∆G(298 )

pG(T) , 1 . ∆G , ∆G.

G(T) , . ∆G(T) ∆H(T) (.. , ) .



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