1. 充4
2. 5
3. ..8
3.1 8
3.2 腅..8
3.3 16
4. .17
4.1 .
3.1.1 腅
3.1.2
.
3.1.4 腅.
3.1.5 酅
3.1.6 ..................................................................
3.1.7 腅.....................................................................
3.1.8 充
3.1.9 .
3.1.10 腅.
3.1.11
3.1.12 .
3.1.13 酅.
3.1.14 ..
3.1.15
3.1.16 .
3.1.17
3.1.18 .
3.1.19 ⅅ
3.1.20 .
3.2 - .................................
4 .
4.1 酅..
4.2 - .......................
5 . , , 充...
5.1 ..
5.2 腅..
6 - .
7 - 腅
充.. ..
. .. ..
. 腅..........
(). ꅅ.. ....
.
, , , . .
. , , - . . , . .
|
|
.
3.1
: .
( 3621 ).
: 7 , 3 . 4,8 . 3,6 ( 3612 ).
, 600400 , . 60006000 90006000 . 220 , 1,5 6 9 . 300 . , . . . 0,00.
1.
1 .
4 [1], (DS/L)u=0,002, Su max=8 c.
3.2 .
3.2.1
. .2. , . . . :
..=(S)/4=(108,98+108,71+108,62+108)/4=108,58.
3.2.2
- . .3,4. , . .
3.2.3
1 , .
:
u=d60/d10= =0,835 < 3 ( .1.1 [3]).
gd=g/(1+W).
gd=1,75/(1+0,25)=1,4 /3 < 1,6 /3 .
n=1-gd/gs=1-1,4/2,66=0,47.
=n/(1-n). =0,47/(1-0,47)=0,899 (>0,8) ( . 2.2 [3]).
mv=β/=0,8/80=0,01 ²\ . β=0,8 ( .4.2 [2]).
Sr=(Wgs)/(egw)=(0,252,66)/(0,8991)=0,74 (0,5≤Sr≤0,8) ( .2.2 [2]).
: , , , , .
|
|
2 -, .
gd=g/(1+W)
gd=2,01/(1+0,19)=1,69 /3 > 1,6 /3 .
n=1-gd/gs=1-1,69/2,7=0,37.
=n/(1-n). =0,37/(1-0,37)=0,59 <0,9.
Jp=WL-Wp=0,22-0,16=0,06 (0,01<Jp<0,07) ( . 1[2]).
JL=(W-Wp)/Jp=(0,19-0,16)/0,06=0,5 (0<JL<1) ( .2.2 [2]).
mv=β/=0,74/160=0,005 ²\ . β=0,74 ( .4.2[2]).
Sr=(Wgs)/(egw)=(0,192,7)/(0,591)=0,87 > 0,8 , ( .2.2 [2]).
,
eL=0,222,7/1=0,594
Jss=(0,594-0,59)/(1+0,59)=0,003.
: , , , e=0,59, , .
3 -, .
gd=g/(1+W)
gd=1,90/(1+0,15)=1,65 /3 > 1,6 /3 .
n=1-gd/gs=1-1,65/2,68=0,38.
=n/(1-n). =0,38/(1-0,38)=0,61 <0,9.
Jp=WL-Wp=0,19-0,12=0,07 (0,01<Jp≤0,07) ( . 1[2]).
JL=(W-Wp)/Jp=(0,15-0,12)/0,07=0,43 (0<JL<1) ( .2.2 [2]).
mv=β/=0,74/70=0,011 ²\ . β=0,74 ( .4.2[2]).
Sr=(Wgs)/(egw)=(0,152,68)/(0,611)=0,66 (0,5≤Sr≤0,8) ( .2.2 [2]).
,
eL=0,192,68/1=0,509
Jss=(0,509-0,61)/(1+0,61)=-0,062 < Jss .=0,1 0,01 ≤ IP < 0,1 ( . 3[2]).
: , , , e=0,59, , .
4 -, .
gd=g/(1+W)
gd=2,00/(1+0,21)=1,65 /3 > 1,6 /3 .
n=1-gd/gs=1-1,65/2,69=0,39.
=n/(1-n). =0,39/(1-0,39)=0,64.
Jp=WL-Wp=0,24-0,14=0,1 (0,07 < IP ≤ 0,17) ( . 1[2]).
JL=(W-Wp)/Jp=(0,21-0,14)/0,1=0,7 (0,5 < IL ≤ 0,75) ( .2.2 [2]).
mv=β/=0,62/170=0,004 ²\ . β=0,62 ( .4.2[2]).
Sr=(Wgs)/(egw)=(0,212,69)/(0,641)=0,88 > 0,8 , ( .2.2 [2]).
,
eL=0,242,69/1=0,646
Jss=(0,646-0,64)/(1+0,64)=0,004 < Jss .=0,17 0,1 ≤ IP < 0,14 ( . 3[2]).
: , , , .
3.2.4
, 7[1]:
R=(gc1gc2)/k(Mgkzbg+Mqd1g'+(Mq-1)dbg'+Mcc), (1)
g1 g2 - , 3[1];
k - , , , k=1,1, 1[1].
.
Mg, Mq, Mc - , 4[1];
b - , ;
g - , , /3;
|
|
kz - , b<10 ;
g' - , , /3;
- , ;
d1 - , :
d1=hs+hcfgcf/g,
hs - , ;
hcf - , ;
gcf - , /3;
db - - , .
3:
g1=1,75 /3 g1=0,84
h1=1,5 q1=4,37
j1=26º 1=6,90
c1=0,1 /2
g2=2,01 /3 g2=0,72
h2=5,5 q2=3,87
j2=24º 2=6,45
2=0,6 /2
g3=1,90 /3 g3=0,56
h3=2,0 q3=3,24
j3=21º 3=5,84
c3=0,3 /2
g4=2,00 /3 g4=0,72
h4=6,0 q4=3,87
j4=24º 4=6,45
c4=3,1 /2
, - 1 - (1) :
R1=Mg1g2+Mq1h1g1+Mc1c1,
R1=0,842,01+4,371,51,75+6,900,1=13,851 /2
- -, - 1 (1) :
R2=Mg2g2+Mq2h1g1+Mc2c2,
R2=0,722,01+3,871,51,75+6,450,6=15,476 /2
- -, - 2 (1) :
R3=Mg2g3+Mq2(h1+h2)(g1h1+g2h2)/(h1 + h2)+Mc2c2,
R3=0,721,9+3,87(1,751,5+2,015,5)+6,450,6=58,18 /2
-, - 2 (1) :
R4=Mg3g3+Mq3(g1h1+g2h2)+ Mc3c3,
R4=0,561,9+3,24(1,751,5+2,015,5)+5,840,3=47,139 /2
-, - 3 (1) :
R5=Mg3g4+Mq3(h1+h2+h3)(g1h1+g2h2+g3h3)/(h1+h2+h3)+Mc3c3,
R5=0,562,00+3,24(1,751,5+2,015,5+1,902,0)+5,840,3=59,507 /2
-, - 3 (1) :
R6=Mg4g4+Mq4(h1+h2+h3)(g1h1+g2h2+g3h3)/(h1+h2+h3)+Mc4c4,
R6=0,722,00+3,87(1,751,5+2,015,5+1,902,0)+6,453,1=59,803 /2
3.2.5
. 5060.
5 15,00-15,40. ( 10%).
.
:
- , , , , , , 0,40-3,80 ;
- -, , , , , e=0,59, , 4,90-6,30 ;
- -, , , , , e=0,61, , 2,00-6,00 ;
- -, , , , -, 2,00-6,00 ;
104,00-104,20 , .
2- 1, 3- 2.
3.3
.2.26 [1], 10 , , .
|
|
- 2 [1]:
dfn=d0ÖMt,
t - , ( . 3 [10]);
d0 - , 0,28 ( .2.27 [1]).
t=12,6+11,6+5,9+3,5+8,9=42,5º
dfn=0,28Ö42,5 =1,83 .
3 [1]:
df=khdfn ,
kh , kh=0,5 ( . 1[1]).
df=0,51,83=0,915 .
.
1 - , . , 600400.
4.1
5 .
4.2
) -
-, .
)
dfn=1, 83 .
df=0,915 .
d≥df; d≥dfn
)
.
900 . d :
.
d≥dk
)
df + 2. .2[1] df.
)
.
d=2 .
4.3
.
:
=(N+N+N)/(BL)=Nk/(aB2)+gd,
g - , 2,3 /3,
d - , 2,0 ;
k - , :
=M/N=28/246=0,1138 → k=1,3 ( . 18[6])
a=lk/bk=l/b=0,6/0,4=1,5
=2461,3/(1,5B2)+2,32,0=213,2/B2+4,6
:
(B)=213,2/B2+4,6
R :
R(B)=(gc1gc2/k)(Mg2kzBgII+Mq2d1g'II +Mc2c2);
R(B)=(1,21,1/1)(0,721B(2,012,58+1,072,14+1,043,1+ +1,225,12)/(2,58+2,14+3,1+5,12)+3,87(1,25+(2-1,25))(1,751,25+2,01(2-1,25))/ /(1,25+(2-1,25))+6,450,6)=1,245B+23,984;
R(B)=1,245B+23,984
. , , Bmin=3,034 . B=3,1 .
= 1,53,12=14,415 2;
L=/B=14,415/3,1=4,7 .
4,73,12 .
. .
:
V=0,44,73,1+0,33,52,3+0,32,31,7+0,851,21,2=9,783 3
N=Vg=9,7832,5=24,46 .
: V=V-V=2,04,73,1-9,783=19,357 3
N=Vg=V(g1h1+g2h2)/(h1+h2)=19,357(1,751,25+2,010,75)/ /(1,25+0,75) =35,762 .
:
..=(N+N+N)/(bl)=(246+24,46+35,762)/(4,73,1)=21,01 /2
R .
R.=1,2453,1+23,984=27,85 /2
..=21,01 /2 < R.=27,85 /2
4.4 .
(. .6)
4.5
:
=(+d)/(N+N+N),
=28 , =5,7 , d=2 .
=(28+5,72)/ (246+24,46+35,762)=0,128 < l/30=0,156 (l=4,7 ),
.
:
max/min=N/AM/W=N/A(16e/l),
N=306,222 - , =bl=4,73,1=14,57 2- , - , W - .
|
|
Pmax/min=306,222/14,57(160,128/3,1)
Pmax=26,22 /2; Pmin=15,81 /2
:
max£1,2R Pmin>0.
max =26,22 < 1,2R=1,227,85=33,42 /2;
15,81 > 0 .
4.6
:
szp+szq£Rz(.)
szp,szq z , /²; Rz z, /².
szp=ao=0,239617,315=4,149 /2,
Po - , a - , .1 . 2 [1] η=l/b ζ=2z/b
Po=P..-szgo=P..-(g1h1+g2h2)=21,01-(1,751,25+2,010,75)=17,315 /2,
: P..- ;
- , .
=g1h1+g2h2=1,751,25+2,010,75=3,695
2z/b= 24,722/3,1=3,046 l/b =1,5 a=0,2396
szq=ågihi=1,751,25+2,013,33+(2,7-1)2,14/(1+0,59)=11,083 /2
:
Az=(NII+N+N)/szp=306,222/4,149=73,806 ²,
bz= -a,
a =(l-b)/2=(4,7-3,1)/2=0,8
bz= =7,828
:
R(B)=(gc1gc2/k)(Mg3kzbzgII+Mq3d1g'II +Mc3c3);
Rz=(1,21,1/1)(0,5617,828(1,043,1+1,225,12)/(3,1+5,12)+3,24(1,25+3,33+ +2,14)(1,751,25+2,013,33+1,072,14)/(1,25+3,33+2,14)+5,840,3)=56,754 /²
: szp+szq£Rz
4,149+11,083=15,232 < 56,754, .. , , , , .
4.7
.
:
S=bS(szpihi)/Ei,
S - , b=0,8 - , i - i- , szpi - i- , hi - .
, :
szp<0,2szg
szg=å(gihi)
szp=αP, P=P-szg0=21,01-3,695=17,315 /²
a - , .1 .2 [1]
h=(0,2 0,4)b
7.
1.
szp | szg0 | 0,2szg0 | |||||||||
zi, | 2z/b | l/b | a | a*Po | g*h | 0,2*g*h | Ei | hi | scpi | Si | |
0,000 | 0,000 | 1,5 | 17,315 | 3,695 | 0,739 | 0,66 | 17,012 | 0,007017 | |||
0,660 | 0,426 | 1,5 | 0,965 | 16,709 | 5,022 | 1,00432 | 0,66 | 15,549 | 0,006414 | ||
1,320 | 0,852 | 1,5 | 0,831 | 14,389 | 6,348 | 1,26964 | 0,66 | 12,926 | 0,005332 | ||
1,980 | 1,277 | 1,5 | 0,662 | 11,463 | 7,675 | 1,53496 | 0,66 | 10,173 | 0,004196 | ||
2,640 | 1,703 | 1,5 | 0,513 | 8,883 | 8,945 | 1,788994 | 0,66 | 7,887 | 0,003253 | ||
3,300 | 2,129 | 1,5 | 0,398 | 6,891 | 9,651 | 1,930234 | 0,66 | 6,147 | 0,002536 | ||
3,960 | 2,555 | 1,5 | 0,312 | 5,402 | 10,357 | 2,071474 | 0,66 | 4,848 | 0,002 | ||
4,620 | 2,981 | 1,5 | 0,248 | 4,294 | 11,064 | 2,212714 | 0,66 | 3,887 | 0,001603 | ||
5,280 | 3,406 | 1,5 | 0,201 | 3,480 | 11,753 | 2,350601 | 0,66 | 3,169 | 0,002988 | ||
5,940 | 3,832 | 1,5 | 0,165 | 2,857 | 12,439 | 2,487881 | 0,66 | 2,623 | 0,002473 | ||
6,600 | 4,258 | 1,5 | 0,138 | 2,389 | 13,126 | 2,625161 | 0,66 | 2,208 | 0,002082 |
S=4 , S=8
S.=4 > 0,4S.=0,48=3,2 .
4.8
Rf, :
Rf=0,012*(W-0,1)+[W*(W-Wcr)2]/(WL*WP* √M0)
W,WP,WL - , , , Wcr- , , 5 [4], 0 - , ( t).
W=0,19; Wcr=0,157; WL=0,22; WP=0,16; Mt=42,50.
Rf=0,012*(0,19-0,1)+[0,19*(0,19-0,157)2]/(0,22*0,16*√42,5)=0,00198 -
gd=1,5 /3.
gd=2,01 /3 R'f=(0,00198*2,01)/1,5=0,00266.
39 [4], 2 .
, , .. 2.137[4] :
, - , . , - . 1 5 ().
- , 1,85´10-4 2;
- ;
- , ,
- , ;
- , .
.
:
,
tfh =8,34 /2 , 41 [4],
Afh- , ,
Afh=1,15∙1,2∙4+0,3∙3,9∙2+0,3∙2,3∙2+0,23∙4,7∙2+0,23∙3,1∙2=12,828 2
N0II ;
GfII ;
Frf , , df.
Rfj- , 2 [5] 1,62 /2 z=1,83.
fi - .
fi=0,17∙4,7∙2+0,17∙3,1∙2=2,652 2
F r =2,652∙1,62=4,296
8,34∙12,828=106,986 < 4,296+0,9∙(246+24,46)=247,71 - .
30% :
8,34∙12,828=106,986 > (4,296+0,9∙(246+24,46))∙0,3=74,313 - .
, :
Ø , , ;
Ø , , .
4.9
8.
φ=45º;
F1=4,76,3=29,61 ² - ;
F2=10,38,7=89,61 ² - ;
V= (F1+F2)h/2=(29,61+89,61)2/2=119,22 ³
1³ 2 1 3,6 . 1 7%.
.=119,221,073,6=459,235 .
1³ 31 .
.=319,783=236,6 .
:
.=.+.=459,235+236,6=695,835 .
.
5.1
9 .
5.2
dfn=1,83 . 2,0 . 2,15 .
5.3
3
1) 19804.1-79. 15. -6-30. 6 ., 300300. - 1,33 .
2) 19804.1-79. 20. -10-30. 10 , 300300 . - 2,38 .
3) 19804.1-79. 25. -16-40. 16 ., 400400. - 8,23 .
5.4
8[5]:
Fd=gc(gcrRA+uågcffihi),
R - (. 1[5]);
- ;
u - ;
fi - i- (. 2[5]);
hi- i- ;
g, gcr, gcf 1 :
Fd=RA+uåfihi
1
-6-30
=0,3²=0,09 ²
u=40,3=1,2 .
R=2026 =202,6 /²
h1=1,5 z1=2,9 f1=1,97 /²
h2=1,5 z2=4,4 f2=2,28 /²
h3=1,57 z3=5,94 f3=2,49 /²
h4=1,33 z4=7,38 f4=3,04 /²
Fd1=202,60,09+1,2(1,971,5+2,281,5+2,491,57+3,041,33)=45,227
:
1=Fd1/g=45,227/1,4=32,305 , g=1,4 .
2
-10-30
=0,3²=0,09 ²
u=40,3=1,2 .
R=941 =94,1 /²
h1=1,5 z1=2,9 f1=1,97 /²
h2=1,5 z2=4,4 f2=2,28 /²
h3=1,57 z3=5,94 f3=2,49 /²
h4=1,33 z4=7,38 f4=3,04 /²
h5=1,77 z5=8,93 f5=3,14 /²
h6=1,11 z6=10,37 f6=1,01 /²
h7=1,12 z7=11,49 f7=1,03 /²
Fd2=94,10,09+1,2(1,971,5+2,281,5+2,491,57+3,041,33+3,141,77+1,011,11+ +1,031,12)=35,061
:
2=Fd2/g=35,061/1,4=25,044 .
3
-16-40
=0,4²=0,16 ²
u=40,4=1,6 .
R=1061 =106,1 /² 18,05 ( 8,23 )
h1=1,5 z1=2,9 f1=1,97 /²
h2=1,5 z2=4,4 f2=2,28 /²
h3=1,57 z3=5,94 f3=2,49 /²
h4=1,33 z4=7,38 f4=3,04 /²
h5=1,77 z5=8,93 f5=3,14 /²
h6=1,11 z6=10,37 f6=1,01 /²
h7=1,12 z7=11,49 f7=1,03 /²
h8=1,5 z8=12,8 f8=1,06 /²
h9=1,5 z9=14,3 f9=1,09 /²
h10=1,5 z10=15,8 f10=1,12 /²
h11=1,5 z11=17,3 f11=1,15 /²
Fd3=106,10,16+1,6(1,971,5+2,281,5+2,491,57+3,041,33+3,141,77+1,011,11+1,031,12+ +1,061,5+1,091,5+1,121,5+1,151,5) =70,36
:
3=Fd3/g=70,36/1,4=50,2 .
5.5
:
n=NI1,2/P
1
n1=2911,2/32,305=10,81
n1=12
2
n2=2911,2/25,044=13,94
n2=14
3
n3=2911,2/50,2=6,95
n3=7
5.6
1
10.
: V=4,83,20,95+1,2²1,05=11,59 3
N=Vg=11,592,5=28,98
: V=V-V=4,83,22-11,59=19,13 3
N=Vg=19,13((1,751,25+2,010,75)/(1,25+0,75))=35,34
3
11.
: V=3,6²0,7+1,2²1,3=10,944 3
N=Vg=10,9442,5=27,36
: V=V-V=3,6²2-10,944=2,016 3
N=Vg=2,016((1,751,25+2,010,75)/(1,25+0,75))=3,72
5.7
1
:
=(1+1dp)/(N1+N+N)
=(33,6+6,82,0)/(291+27,36+3,72)=0,146 > l/30=0,12 (l=3,6) .
, , :
N=(N1+N+N)/n(M1y)/åyi2
n - ,
- , ,
i -
Nmax,min=(291+35,34+28,98)/12(33,62,06)/(2,0624+1,1724+1,822+0,622)= =29,612,33 ,
Nmax=31,94 , Nmin=27,28 - 1,4,8,12. , .
Nmax=31,94 < P=32,305
Nmin>0
3
:
=(1+1dp)/(N1+N+N)
=(33,6+6,82,0)/(291+27,36+3,72)=0,146 > l/30=0,08 (l=2,4)
, , :
N=(N1+N+N)/n(M1y)/åyi2
n - ,
- , ,
i -
Nmax,min=(291+27,36+3,72)/7(33,61,17)/(1,1724+1,222)=44,014,7,
Nmax=48,71 , Nmin=39,31 - 2,3,5,6. , .
Nmax=48,71 < P=50,2
Nmin>0
5.8
1
(. 12). :
, =(4,57224+1,32821)/(4,572+1,328)=23,32º
º, , b=3,526 ; ly=5,126 .
:
V=1/3h(bly+bly+Ö blybly)= =1/36(3,5265,126+2,33,9+Ö3,5265,1262,33,9)=79,554³
: V= V-V=79,554-1260,3²=73,07 ³
: N=Vg.=73,07(2,014,572+1,91,328)/(4,572+1,328)=145,06
: N=Vg=1260,3²2,5=16,2
:
=291+145,06+16,2+28,98=481,24
:
/²
:
R=(gc1gc2)/k(Mgkzbg+Mqd1g'+(Mq-1)dbg'+Mcc),
R=(1,21,1)/1(0,7213,526((1,041,77+1,225,12)/(1,77+5,12))+ +3,878,05((1,041,328+1,072,142+2,013,33+1,751,25)/(1,328+2,142+3,33+1,25))+ +6,450,3)=66,188 /2,
P=26,36 < R=66,188
, .
.
:
S=bS(szpihi)/Ei,
S - ,
b=0,8 - ,
i - i- ,
szpi - i- ,
hi - .
, :
szp<0,2szg
szg=å(gihi)
szp=αP, P=P-szg=26,36-12,55=13,81 /²
szg=1,041,328+1,072,142+2,013,33+1,751,25=12,55 /²
a - , .1 .2 [1]
h=(0,2 0,4)b
13.
2.
szp | szg0 | 0,2szg0 | |||||||||
zi, | 2z/b | l/b | a | a*Po | g*h | 0,2*g*h | Ei | hi | scpi | Si | |
0,000 | 0,000 | 1,45 | 1,000 | 13,810 | 12,55 | 2,51 | 1,000 | 13,244 | 0,01892 | ||
1,000 | 0,567 | 1,45 | 0,918 | 12,678 | 13,59 | 2,718 | 1,000 | 11,628 | 0,016611 | ||
1,774 | 1,006 | 1,45 | 0,766 | 10,578 | 14,39 | 2,878 | 0,774 | 9,073 | 0,004131 | ||
2,774 | 1,573 | 1,45 | 0,548 | 7,568 | 15,615 | 3,123 | 1,000 | 6,470 | 0,003806 | ||
3,774 | 2,141 | 1,45 | 0,389 | 5,372 | 16,835 | 3,367 | 1,000 | 4,626 | 0,002721 | ||
4,774 | 2,708 | 1,45 | 0,281 | 3,881 | 18,055 | 3,611 | 1,000 | 3,377 | 0,001986 | ||
5,774 | 3,275 | 1,45 | 0,208 | 2,872 | 19,275 | 3,855 | 1,000 | 2,410 | 0,001418 |
S=5 , S=8 .
S=5 > 0,4S=0,48=3,2.
5.9
Rf, :
Rf=0,012*(W-0,1)+[W*(W-Wcr)2]/(WL*WP* √M0)
W,WP,WL - , , , Wcr- , , 5 [4], 0 - , ( t).
W=0,19; Wcr=0,157; WL=0,22; WP=0,16; Mt=42,50.
Rf=0,012*(0,19-0,1)+[0,19*(0,19-0,157)2]/(0,22*0,16*√42,5)=0,00198 -
gd=1,5 /3.
gd=2,01 /3 R'f=(0,00198*2,01)/1,5=0,00266.
39 [4], 2 .
, , .. 2.137[4] :
, - , . , - . 1 5 ().
- , 1,85´10-4 2;
- ;
- , ,
- , ;
- , .
.
:
,
tfh =8,34 /2 , 41 [4],
Afh- , ,
Afh=1,051,24+0,63∙2∙(4,8+3,2)=14 2
N0II ;
GfII ;
Frf , , df.
Rfj- , 2 [5].
fi - .
F r =1,2125,9(1,971,5+2,281,5+2,491,57+3,041,33)+1,690,32(4,8+3,2)=1221,59
8,34∙14=116,76 < 1221,59+0,9∙(291+16,2+28,98)=1524,152 - .
30% :
8,34∙14=116,76 < (1221,59+0,9∙(291+16,2+28,98))∙0,3=457,246 - .
, .
5.10
, , :
dmin=1,75aP,
- , 25 /,
P=32,305 , .
Edmin=1,752532,305=1,413 .
- -994 G=0,6 , m1=1,5 1,512 .
Ed=GhK=0,62,80,9=1,512 > Edmin
: (m1+m2)/Ed£Km,
m1 ; m2 ; Km .
(1,5+1,38)/1,512=1,9 < 6 - , .
:
η , .
, = 0,09 .
; /
Sa=1500,091,512(1,5+0,21,38)/(45,227(45,227+1500,09)(1,5+1,38))=0,022
2 £ Sa=22 £ 25 - . .
5.11
14.
φ=45º;
F1=6,44,8=30,72 ² - ;
F2=10,48,8=91,52 ² - ;
V= (F1+F2)h/2=(30,72+91,52)2/2=122,24 ³
1 ³ 2 1 3,6 . 1 7%.
.=122,241,073,6=470,868
1³ 31
.=3128,98=898,38