1. The correlation of degrees of prominence of the syllables in a word forms:
A. the stress pattern of words
B. utterance stress
2. A constituent feature of the phonetic structure of a word taken in isolation:
A. utterance stress
B. word stress
3. A constituent feature of the phonetic structure of a spoken sentence:
A. utterance stress
B. word stress
4. Factors that condition the position of word stress are:
A. objective
B. subjective
5. The placement of utterance stress is conditioned by:
A. the orthoepic norm
B. the situational and linguistic context
6. The effect of prominence is achieved by changes in pitch level in languages.
A. dynamic
B. tonic
7. English word stress is:
A. fixed
B. free
8. English word stress is of nature.
A. complex
B. dynamic
9. The accentuation tendency to stress he third syllable from the end is
A. rhythmic
B. recessive
10. What degree of word stress is not linguistically relevant and is not included into the British classification?
A. secondary
B. tertiary
Fill in the gaps in the table: types of word-stress
| The criterion | Type of word-stress | Basic characteristics |
| According to the nature of word-stress | dynamic (force) | The effect of prominence is achieved by |
| The effect of prominence is achieved by uttering a stressed syllable on a different pitch level or with a different pitch direction than the other syllable or syllables of the word, e.g. Oriental languages(Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese), African languages | ||
| qualitative | The effect of prominence is achieved by . | |
| quantitative | The effect of prominence is achieved by . | |
| According to the stability of position | Free: (1) accent is one which remains on the same morpheme in different grammatical forms of a word or in different derivatives from one and the same root,e.g. wonder, wonderful, wonderfully(2) ..accent is one which falls on different morphemes in different grammatical forms of a word or in different derivatives from one and the same root, e. g. active activity; . | . |
| . | the main accent invariably falls on a syllable which occupies in all the words of the language one and the same position in relation to the beginning or end of a word, e.g. French, Check. |
Fill in the gaps in the table: accentuation tendencies in English
| Accentuation tendency | The essence of the tendency |
| tendency | stress falls on the first syllable which is generally the root syllable (mother, ready) or on the second syllable if a word has a prefix of no special meaning (become, indeed, forgive, behind) |
| the rhythmic tendency | .. |
| .tendency | The stress of the parent word is often preserved in derivatives (`personal `perso`nality) |
| There is a tendency to stress the most important elements in words such as .. |
Seminar 6 Utterance Prosody. Prosodic units. Prosodic Subsystems. Functional Aspect of Prosody.
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Topics for discussion
- What is your idea of intonation? Do you see any difference between the terms
intonation & prosody? Speak about the meanings & functions of prosody.
- Give account of the prosodic units of a language.
- Describe the prosodic subsystems: pitch & utterance stress.
- Speak about the prosodic subsystems: rhythm, tempo & pauses.
- What is bilingualism? Discuss the problem of phonetic interference, mention the features of Russian English phonemic and prosodic interference.
Literature
- , .., , .. : . - . ../ .. , .. . : , 1980. .69 - 109
- , .. . : - . ../ . . [ .] 2- .. - .: , 1980. - . 286 -322
- , .. . : . / .. , .., .. [ .] .: ,2001. .98 - 142
Key terms: intonation, prosody, a rhythmic group, an intonation group, an utterance, a supraphrasal unit, pith level, pitch range, rhythm, tempo, bilingualism, phonetic interference.
Tasks and exercises
