VARIANT 2
1. , must have to, be to:
| 1) The students must do their homework regularly. | . |
| 2) You must do this important work quickly | . |
| 3) The children had to stay indoors because it was raining. | , . |
| 4) Nobody met me when I came, because I was to arrive by the ten o'clock train, but I couldn't get a ticket for it. | , , , . |
2. . :
| 1)... I ask you to do me a favour? | May I ask you to do me a favour? ? |
| 2) Atoms of different kinds join together in different ways. | Atoms of different kinds can join together in different ways. . |
| 3) We go to the theatre tonight. | We can go to the theatre tonight. |
| 4) We be able to help them. | We shall be able to help them. . |
3. :
| 1) She can speak English perfectly. | 2) The students must translate the text at home. |
| Can she speak english perfectly? | Must the students translate the text at home? |
| She can't speak english perfectly | The students must not translate the text at home. |
4. , , Present, Past, Future Perfect:
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | Future Perfect |
| 1) I am afraid that I have lost my car keys. | I am afraid that I had lost my car keys. | I am afraid that I will have lost my car keys. |
| 2) She has seen this film three times | She had seen this film three times | She will have seen this film three times |
| 3. He has made that same mistake several times. | He had made that same mistake several times. | He will have made that same mistake several times. |
| 4) She said she has looked everywhere for the book. | She had said she has looked everywhere for the book. | She will have said she has looked everywhere for the book. |
| 5) By the time you arrive, I have finished reading your book. | By the time you arrive, I had finished reading your book. | By the time you arrive, I will have finished reading your book. |
5. , Perfect:
| 1)By the time he leaves home, we shall have come to the station. | , , . |
| 2) We are sure that he will have kept his promise. | , . |
| 3)She told us that she had not finished her report yet. | , . |
|
|
|
6. :
| 1) He made some mistakes in spelling. | Did he make any mistakes in spelling? He didn't make any mistakes in spelling. |
| 2) They have some pretty dresses in that store | Do they have any pretty dresses in that store? They don't have any pretty dresses in that store. |
| 3) She gave us something to eat. | Does she gave us something to eat? She doesn't gave us something to eat. |
| 4) He spoke to somebody about it. | Does he spoke to somebody about it? He doesn't spoke to somebody about it. |
7. some, any, no, every . :
| 1) Please, give me some coffee. Im sorry, but there isnt any. | , . , . |
| 2) Have some more ice-cream. Thanks, any more for me. | . - , . |
| 3) Every day he comes here and asks me the same questions |
8. much, many, little, few. :
| Little was said but many done. | , . |
| Say little and do much | , . |
| Few heard about the book but much read it. | . |
9. , one (ones), that (those):
| 1) One must always try to speak English at our lessons. | - . |
| 2) There is only one way to do it. | . |
| 3) Those present at the meeting were the teachers from our school. | . |
10. , , . :
| Don't leave until I call you. | , . |
| If it rains next Sunday, I may have to cancel my trip. | , . |
| When the weather gets warmer, we can go swimming. | , . |
11. , :
| He worked hard to complete his experiment in time. | , . |
| It will take you much time to perform this work. | , . |
| To translate this text without a dictionary you must know all the new words. | , . |
12. , , . :
| You shouldn't risk going out if you have a cold. | , . |
| We shall appreciate receiving an answer immediately. | . |
| She insisted on helping me with the report. | . |
|
|
|
13. . :
| The books you spoke about are available in all bookshops. | , , . (). |
| The exercise I asked you about is rather difficult. | , , . (). |
| We know he will keep his word. | , . () |
14. , Present Indefinite (Simple) when, while, if, before, after:
| If we get the tickets we shall go to the concert. | , . |
| He will translate this article, if you give him a dictionary | , . |
| I shall tell you about it after I learn some new facts. | , . |
15. , It is (was)... that:
| It was on the seventh of November, 1917, that the working people took power into their own hands. | 1917 . |
| It was at our conference that these questions were discussed. | . |
| It was on Sunday when they met the delegation. | . |
16. , 5 , :
Engineering specialties
One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering specialties. By the end of the nineteenth century not only were mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering established but the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering also emerged. This growth in the number of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear, petroleum, and electronic engineering. Many of these are subdivisions of earlier specialties for example, electronic from electrical engineering or petroleum from chemical. Within the field of mechanical engineering the major subdivision is industrial engineering which is concerned with complete mechanical systems for industry rather than individual machines.
Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various processes and materials available to him/her and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education.
Because of the large number of engineering fields today there are often many different kinds of engineers working on large projects such as the development of nuclear power or new aircraft. In the design of a new aircraft mechanical engineers work not only on the plane's engines but on other mechanical aspects such as the braking system. When the aircraft goes into production mechanical and industrial engineers are involved in designing the machines necessary to fabricate the different parts as well as the entire system for assembling them. In both phases of such a project mechanical engineers work with specialists in fields such as aerospace and electronic engineering. Each engineer is a member of a team often headed by a systems engineer able to combine the contributions made by all the different disciplines.
Another result of the increase of scientific knowledge is that engineering has become a profession. A profession is an occupation like law or medicine that requires specialized advanced education. Today it requires at least four or five years of university study leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. More and more often engineers, especially those engaged in research, get an advanced master's or doctor's degree. Even those engineers who do not study for advanced degrees must keep up with changes in their profession. A mechanical engineer who does not know about new materials cannot successfully compete with one who does.
|
|
|
.
. , , - , . , , , . - , . , , .
- , . . , / : , , , , .
- , , . - , , . , , , . , . , , .
, . - , . , , , . , , , . , . -, , .
1) Which profession is the most popular?
2) Need to know that the engineer-designer?
3) What is the main task of the engineer?
4) Which directions should be able to work as an engineer?
5) What areas in the bachelor program?
