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, . - N , . 3D - .

1D: ( ).

2D: ( ).

3D: ( ).

: n, , n + 2 , , , n + 1 .

 

 

:

+ = + 2 + - = 2, - , - , - .

:

N0 - N1 + N2 - N3 +... + Ni = 1 - (-1)n,

N0 - (),

N1 - (),

N2 - (),

Ni - i- ( ),

N - .

, : = 6, = 8, = 12, 6 + 8 = 12 + 2; : = 4, = 4, = 6, 4 + 4 = 6 + 2.

, , N3 (n = 4). : N0 - N1 + N2 - N3 = 1 - (-1)4 = 0, N3 = N0 - N1 + N2. N0 = 16, N1 = 32, N2 = 24, , N3 = 16 - 32 + 24 = 8.

 

 

"" topos - "". - , , , , (, ). , , , , , , ( ). , , ( - ), .

: + = + 2 ( - , - , - ). , , , . h + 1. , :

+ - = 3 - h,

- ,

- ,

- ,

H - .

, , , , , , . : , - .

, , . : h = p + 1, - . , , h = 2 + 1 = 3.

.

h s x k
- h = 3 s = 2 x = 7 k = 0
h = 1 s = 2 x = 4 k = 1
h = 2 s = 1 x = 6 k = 1
( 4D) h = 3 s = 1 k = 0
h = 1 s = 2 x = 4 k = 0

 





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