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3.1.1. . , . , . , , , , , , , .

, , , , , . ( , , .) , , , , . , : , . , , , . , , , , , , : , .

. . , ( ), . , . e. , .

, ( ), , , . e. . , night , , . night . Night. Night . . ( ), ( , ). , , , , : . The sun shines sun shine. . Ÿ .

, , , . , . , .

, .

, pe. , , .

3.1.2. . , . .

, , . . . , , , Peter, you, I, this (young) man, my roommate, Johnson's son, Mary's brother . . . . , Peter, , , .

. , , . (The doctor has arrived. When the doctor arrived...), (the doctor's arrival) (the battle). , . , .

, , , , . I admired the beauty of the landscape . , , , ? , , , . .

, , , , . . , , . , - . , -, (. 3.3.9), . ( 2) - 1. .

. , -. . , , . /.

, , . , , .

, , . . , , , . , . .

, , , , , :

' You certainly know how to do yourself well, Poirot. ' (A. Christie) 'Perhaps you have seen her portrait in the papers.' (A. C. Doyle) 'Maybe, with luck and economy, I can make a living as a writer?' (A. J. Cronin) Miller's not a very good driver really. (S. Barstow)

, . , , , .

, , :

' must have seen the light.' (J. Galsworthy) 'It was spposed to be a home for birds; [...] (J. Galsworthy) ' I'll be sure to come.' (I. Murdoch) ( . 3.2.2.6)

, , , , . , , , . .

.

, , , . , . (, ), , .

, , , , , ( ) ( , ) . ( ) ( ; , -: How do you do. Glad to meet you . .) . , , . . , , . , . (. 3.2.2.8).

.

, , . -, , ( , , ) , , 1. , ... A diggled woggle uggled a wiggled diggle.

- , , . , , , . 'There were no landing fields.' (J. Aldridge) , a Were fields there landing no -. , . , , , . , , , .

.

1. , , , , . ., , ( ). , , () . , , , , : 'So you admit it?' (J. Galsworthy). , / .

3.1.3. . ( ) , , , . ( ) . , .

, , , , , . , , , , , - . :

, , . .

( ) , , : , , , , , ? , , ?

. , , , ( ) . .

, , . , , , . - , (, , .), . , . e. .

, , . , , . , , , . , - , - .

, , , , .

, . , , , , , , . . , . , (. , ) .

, , .

( , ), , , . , It's cold here , , - Let's go to another place. , . e. , , , , . , , . , (. e. ) . .

3.1.4. . . , : . (. -, -, -), , , , ( , - - , - . .).

, , .

, , , ( ) ( ) . ( ). , , , , . , , : 1) -, 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , , 6) 7) . , ( ) .

, , ( , , , ): , . , (. ? ?). .

3.1.5. . , , . . , , , , . , , . , , , , , /, . . , . - , , . , .

, , . . ( , ) , , , . e. , . , , , .

, . /, /, / . .

, . : , . . , , - , - , . . , - .

, e , . , . , , , , , , . , - , , ( ) . , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , :

-, ( ) - ( ) .

- , - . - (), , , , , , , .

.

( ) ( ), , , , . . .

. , . . , , , .

, , . - e , . ' Why do you ask that?' (J. Aldridge) : You ask that. , . , , , .., , : 'What was he?' [...] ' was in the gas works.' (J. Joyce)

. : ' If only I knew what was going to happen.' (J. Osborne) 'Don't talk too loudly, Effie.' (I. Murdoch)

, . , , -, , - ( ), - , . , , (. 3.4.4) , , , , .

: , / , , / . , . : 'It may be serious?' (. . Snow).

- , , , . , , . , - . John! , . . , , , . John! -, , . - . , , - , , , , . . , .

- ( ) - . . Oh, Cliff! Hullo, Cliff! Oh, hullo, Cliff! Goodbye, Stephen, goodbye! (J. Joyce) *Did he come Peter came * Come if John came ( ) . .

. . , , , . , , . , , , . / . . , . , : 'Children: come home instantly.' , .

. , : 'What a nuisance their turning us out of the club at this hour! (O. Wilde) 'You little devil!' (G. B. Shaw) , , , .: ' What wonderful cushions you have,' said Mr Van Busche Taylor. (S. Maugham) , . , . , .

3.1.6. . , , . , - , , 1, . , ( , . I don't know what time it is) : What time is it? . .: 'Haw long do you propose to stay?' (D. du Maurier) , , ; 'What is it?' (A. Huxley) ,

; 'Why not?' (J. Osborne) ; 'Still we've had a very enjoyable evening, haven't we, Tom?' (J. B. Priestley) ; 'Can we give you a lift?' (C. P. Snow) , . . . , : ' I asked Helen to mark off the Spode service to me this morning.' Timothy became purple in the face. 'Mark it off mark it off? What do you mean? [...]' (A. Christie)

, , , . , ( ) , . .

. .

1. . (= ), , . , She glanced at the clock Did she glance at the clock?, , (She glanced at 'clock 'She glanced at the clock), (Did she glance at the 'clock? Did 'she glance at the clock?, . e. Was it her who glanced at the clock?) ( . 3.3.9).

1 - , , , . , , 'You were fond of her?' (A. Christie), , . , , , , , (The police are so impersonal, are they not?' (A, Christie)

, , , , -, . , , , : ' I I have finished all that I came here to do.' ' You will return now to your villa in Cyprus?' ' Yes.' (A. Christie) -, - , , ., , , : 'May I ask you a question?'

(, . .) . , yes . . , . , yes/no, : ' I saw a fascinating little box today. It cost twenty-eight guineas. May I have it?' [...] 'You may, little wasteful one, said he. (K. Mansfield) , yes/ : CLIFF. I've never heard you talking like this about him. He'd be quite pleased. ALISON. Y e s, h e w l d. (J. Osborne)

, , . ( ) .

, , - (yes) - (). , , , , / (-) (certainly, rightly so, perhaps, never . .), : 'By the way, would you mind lending me your matches?' [...] 'Certainly.' (G. B. Shaw), yes, no , - : 'Would you like to see them?' [...] "Oh yes.' (A. Christie) 'Does this mean that Susan gets the income Richard left to Cora?' 'Oh no.' (A. Christie)

, , : HIGGINS. What's your name? THE FLOWER GIRL. Liza Doolittle. (G. B. Shaw) - , , - . - , , . : what, which, when, haw . ., . , : 'You saw him when?' (A. Christie) , . ( ).

, , , . , , . , : Is he an Oxford or a Cambridge man? ( . ). , . , , . , , : , , . . ., : Who do you like best John or Peter? , , , , 1. (= ) , ( ) ( ) .

' knows all the words, doesn't he?' (S. Barstow) . , , ( ) , ( ). / .

.

1 . . : 'Do you want that skit back, or can I keep it?' (J. Galsworthy)

. , . , . : ' I didn't marry Susan for her money!' 'Didn't you, Mr. Banks?' (A. Christie) 'Sounds to me rather like that case last month on Dartmoor.' 'Does it?' (id.); ' [...] I divagate.' 'D ?' asked Dennis faintly. (A. Huxley)

, , : 'Are you in a hurry?' 'Yes, sir,' came the answer, that sent a flash through the listener. 'For what?' (D. H. Lawrence).

, .

. -, : 'We were arguing whether Amour were a serious matter or no. What do you think? Is it serious?' 'Serious?' echoed Ivor. (A. Huxley) I came on the staff first at Chesilstowe. 'Chesilstowe?' (H. G. Wells).

. , , , , . , , , . , , , - , . . , . .

3.1.7. . , . /: not. . , - .

. . , , : 'You don't understand at all...' (A. Christie) 'It can't be left.' (G. B. Shaw) , : Not a person could be seen around. I could rely on no n e in this matter.

To, , ( ), : Oh, but Helen i s n' t a girl without n interests,' she explained. (E. M. Forster), : 'She cannot very well not bow.' (E. M. Forster)

, . , , , , (. 3.2.2.2). - , , , . e. , . , , . , ( neg) not, : nobody = neg + anybody, nowhere == neg + where, never neg + ever . .

, , . , , , , , - . , . ., The girl isn't/ n w /a student/ at a / large / university . , ( ) . . You can do nothing about it - You can't do anything about it. It was not Peter, ,

not : It was ^ not Peter It was not ^ Peter.

- ( ). /. - , , , . 'No' . Didn't she take anything? Did she take anything? , , , she did take something she must have taken something. . , : 'She didn't take anything? A cup of tea? A drink of water? I'll bet you she had a cup of tea. That sort always does.' (A. Christie) - , . / : . ? (= - ) - ? (= ) .

( , : ' I don't know' 'What don't you know?') : *How long haven't you known her? *What exactly don't you mean? .

3.2.1.

3.2.1.1. . , .. .

. , , , . . . , , , . , , , . .: , , , , , .

, , : , , , , . , , , , - .

, . ( , . . , - clause). . (, , ). . I shall never forget the killing of Lord Edgware' 'Never shall I forget the killing of Lord Edgware.' (A. Christie), at the seaside ↔ there, shall forget forgot . ., , . . , , , .

, , , , , , . . , , , , . .

( , . .), - , , , , , . , , . , , .

, . , . . , . , , , / , , , , - . , , , .

, ( ) ( ), , . , . . :

N2sN1... William's ambition [went no farther]

(H. E. Bates)

Numcar N 1 p N2... seven men besides William [had pictured themselves as Dukes.] (H. E. Bates)

Prn poss N D A and A Her voice, very low and soft, [...] (H. E. Bates).

. . .

3.2.1.2. . ? . , , , . - , - (, , : the then government, essentially a bachelor). , , , - . , , , , , .

. ( , , ; ), , , / , . : , .

, - , , ( - , . She closed her eyes. (D. Lessing) She was there. (I. Murdoch)

, ( . 3.3.0). , (), ( ) (). But she cries always 'She doesn't move for hours at a time. But she cries always.' (S. Maugham) always , , .

, - , .

, . .

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