, . , , , , . , . , , (- ). , (1925) : . , , , . , : n (n=1, 2, 3,...), l (l =0, 1, 2,..., n-1), ml (ml= - l,..., -1, 0, + 1,..., +l), ms (ms=+ 1/2, -1/2). , : n, l, ml ms, . . Z (n, l, ml, ms)=0 1, Z (n, l, ml, ms) , , : n, l, ml, ms. , , , , . (223.8), n n2 , l ml. ms (1/2).
, , ,
, n, . , l. 0 n- 1, n . : l 2(2l+1). , . 6.