NOUNS
:
Compound:
1. 2 . - a raincoat
2. . + .: a heavyweight (= a boxer)
3. + .: a frying pan
4. . + : sightseeing
5. .: breakdown
6. of: the key of a car
7. , . , : the Oxford road
8. : a sheep dog
9. , : a plastic raincoat
10. : a taxi-driver
11. : a biscuit tin
12. . : two-hour walk (+ TOEFL ex.31 p.151 18 . .)
13. : self, man, woman, person - a woman nurse
14. : a Ford car
Endings:
Suffixes: - er/or/ee
- ity (=)
- ist
- ness
- ment
- hood (=)
- ship
meaning of stress:
/
(noun)
/ . (verb)
e.g. discount () discount ( )
entrance ()- entrance ()
export () export ()
object (, ) object ()
meaning of pronunciation: No voice Noun; verb - hard.
[s/z] advice/advise [f/v] belief/believe
[θ /ð] cloth/clothe
.: [s] practice/practise (v)
[s] licence/license (v)
NB: associate, graduate, estimate:
*Im not a university graduate yet. Noun: [t]
**I hope to graduate next summer. Verb: [eit]
Nouns
Proper Common
- .
- Mum, Dad countable uncountable
- . concrete abstract concrete abstract
- . a book an idea clothing courage
- , , a hope
, a statement
a nuisance
()
a remark
a situation
a denial
()
a proposal
a scheme
. .
 |  |
+
a chicken/chicken
an egg/egg
a ribbon/ribbon
a glass/glass
an ice/ice
an iron/iron
a paper/paper
?
- : Two teas & four coffees, please.
- :This region produces an excellent wine.
an education/education
a light/light
a noise/noise
e.g. I need a light in my bed.
Light travels faster than sound.
C - ing
a drawing/drawing
a painting/painting
a reading/reading
eg. She gave a reading of her poem.
Reading is taught early.
bread/ a loaf of ~
clothing/a garment
laughter/a laugh
luggage/a case, a bag
poetry/a poem
money/a coin, a note
work/a job
/ :
beef/ a cow
venison/ a deer
pork/ a pig
mutton/ a sheep
(gender)
I. :
a) + ess .. leopard/ leopardess; waiter/ waitress
) + man - . . postman
+ woman - . . postwoman
) + male male nurse;
+female female model
II. :
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bachelor/ spinster /
bride/ groom /
boy/ girl /
hero/ heroine /
brother/ sister /
lad/ lass /
father/ mother /
landlord/ landlady /
gentleman/ lady /
male/ female /
husband/ wife /
masseur/ masseus /
king/ queen /
usher/ usherette ()/
man/ woman /
widower/ widow /
monk/ nun /
Mr/ Mrs /Mss //
nephew/ niece /
sir/ madam /
son/ daughter /
uncle/ aunt /
III. :
bull/ cow /
cock (rooster)/ hen /
dog/ bitch ()/
gander/ goose /
pig/ sow /
ram/ ewe /
stallion/ mare /
(case)
: . .
Genitive: + s childs book
+ (. .) girlsroom
(proper)___ s + s Jamess
of
St Pauls Church = Church of St Paul
+ . .
a friend of my fathers = one of my fathers friend
2 . and,
eg. John and Marys bank balance.
. .
My brothers neighbours sister is a nurse.
. . an MPs salary
.. MPs salaries
+ . . .
eg. Is he a friend of yours?
. . .:
- . : eg. at my aunts (house )
- . ..: the hairdressers (room )
- . . : at the dentists (place )
(number)
I. . +s; es
:
:
1.[es] : 1. s, x, sh, ch, tch: boxes
2. o: potatoes
2.y i + es: fly flies, .+ y: [y] [i]: mon k e y monkeys; day days, key keys, boy boys, guy - guys
3.f v + es: lea f lea v es, : Roof roofs; Handkerchief - handkerchiefs
| 1. + [s] . cats 1. . + y days keys boys guys 2. + |es| : -o potatoes -s classes -x boxes -ch watches -sh bushes 3. . + y |ies| country contries | [s] f chiefs k forks p drops t pets θ months [z] b tubs d friends g bags l bells m arms n lessons ŋ songs .+ r chairs . eyes | [iz] z mazes d bridges s buses ς dishes tς matches ks axes |
4. s: Kennedys
5. .: I. f ves
wife wives
calf calves
elf elves
half halves
knife knives
leaf leaves
life lives
loaf loaves
self selves
()=sheaf sheaves
shelf shelves
thief thieves
wolf wolves
. .: fs ves: scarf; dwarf (); wharf (); hoof (). : , 1 , [fs], [vs]: 1. handkerchiefs; 2. roofs
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II. ..
m a n m e n
woman wom e n
louse-lice
m ou se m i ce
tooth teeth
child children
ox ox e n
goose geese
person people
brother brotheren ( )
penny - penni es ( )
pence ()= tenpen ce
III.
* , , :
sheep
deer
swine
grouse ( )
mackerel ()
plaice ()
salmon
trout ()
fish ( many kinds of fish e s)
*
noun + craft: aircraft; hovercraft ( . ); spacecraft
e.g. The craft was sank.
! Ars & craft s are part of curriculum.
*
a Chinese
a Swiss
a Vietnamese
e g. The Chinese are noted for their cookery.
IV. , plural:
us: cact us / cac ti / cactu ses
geni us / geniu ses
apparat us / apparat i /apparatu ses
a: antenn a / antenn ae (.); antenn as (.)
ex/ ix: ind ex / indi ces / inde xes
appendi x / appendi ces / appendi xes
um: medi um/ medi a / medi ums (, , , , , , )
agend um \agend a\ agend as
alb um / albu ms
on: automat on / automat a / automat ons
eu/ - eau: adi eu / adi eux / adi eus
plat eau / plat eaux / plat eaus (; , ; . ; , )
IVa. , plural:
- us: alumn us / alumn i ( ) (. .)
- a: alumn a / alumn ae ( ) (. .)
- is: analys is / analys es
- on: criteri on / criter ia
- um: strat um / strat a
: media is\are; data is\are.
V.
1. ( .. \ .. ):
. . . - + are . . - + is
: them, they : it, which, that
audience
class
club
committee
company
congregation
council
crowd
family
gang
government
group
jury
mob
staff
team
union
.g.
The government, who are looking for a quick victory, are calling for a general election soon. They expect be re-elected.
:!
The present government, which hasnt been in power long, is trying to control inflation.
2. . .: . ., - is are
aristocracy
gentry
proletariat
the + majority
minority
public
youth of today
3. . + are: . .
spectacles
wages
clothes
scissors
trousers
scales
cattle
. . + are
the clergy ()
the military
people
the police
vermin ( (.); , )
NB: a/ the people are
- is ,
g. The English-speaking peoples sha re a common language.
4. . . + is: . ., s .
News
games: billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes
. : Athens, Brussels, Naples
. . : athletics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, phonetics, economics, ethics, statistics
: mumps, measles
5. ., and + is
bacon and eggs
bread and butter
cheese and wine
fish and chips
lemon and oil
tripe and onions ( , ( ))
sausage(s) and mash
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eg. Fish and chip is a popular in Britain.
! are.
6. : fish, meat, hair, sand s.
6a. . .:
air/ airs - ; / , ;
ash/ ashes - , / ,
content/ contents - , , , ; , ;, , , , / , ( )
custom/ customs - , / ,
damage/ damages - ; , ; , / ;
drawer/ drawers - ; 2) , (, , ); , () (, ) /
fund/ funds - , ; ; , / ,
glass/ glasses , , , , , , , /
look/ looks , , , , / ,
manner/ manners - , ; , , / , ,
minute/ minutes , , ; , / () , ,
pain/ pains / , ; ,
scale/ savings , , , , / , ( ), , ,
saving/ savings , , /
spectacle/ spectacles - ; / ,
step/ steps , , , , (), , ; / ( ) a pair of steps -
work/ works - ; ; ; , ; ; / - , ( -. )
7. , - + is
advice
knowledge
aircraft/hovercraft/spacecraft
money
twilight
grouse
mackerel
salmon
trout
