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, Dictionary Of Comparative Politics And Political Science (2010 ) Palgrave Macmillan. . , , - .

:

1) , authoritarian rule [11, . 125] (. ). [2, . 18] , , , . non-democratic - , form of rule - , rulers stand above the law - , political participation is usually limited - , no meaningful choice - [11; 92].

: ; ; , ; [12, . 18]. , (non-democratic). (totalitarian rule), . illiberal democracy [11, . 126] (. , . - ), 㳿 , , : -, -, -, -, , - .

2) 㳿 power [21, . 625] , influence modes of influence . , : .

³, : [33, .98-99] 1) In its most general sense, power is the capacity to bring about intended effects. . . 2) In this broad sense (the impact of one actor on another), such benign mechanisms of influence as persuasion and commitment are forms of power. . ( ' ), ' . 3) In this narrower sense the threat or use of sanctions power is treated as a means of influence rather than as a synonym for it. . , . , ( ), , , , : ; (), , , ; ., , , , , . .; , , , . authorities, .

, , (some authors), , 㳿 : . , . , . , . ó.

3) autonomy [26, . 161] [22, . 11]: Self-determination. The capacity of a group or country to shape its own destiny. . . .

, 㳿 , 쳿 . , , - ( ) ᒺ ( ). , , , , : 1) ; 2) , , ; 3) .

4) command economy [23, . 261]. - [26, . 19], . ' communist , . centrally planned economy (. ), , . state-owned production units (. ) ᒺ .

The bureaucracy then implemented the plan (. ), , - -, . , bureaucracy , . plan ( ) -, , .

, : [34, .56] 1) the political and human price is considerable ; 2) productivity (as opposed to production) remains low ( ) ; 3) Private ownership and market mechanism played little if any role. . , . , , 㳿, , , : ; ; , , , , ; .

5) bureaucracy [26, . 211] [92, . 21] , , 㳿 ( ) , ( ). ³, 㳿 , , : The word bureau comes from the Old French term la bure, meaning the brown woollen cloth on which the kings administrators laid out their accounts. The second half of the word comes from the Greek kratos, meaning rule, just as in democracy. [34, .56] . "" la bure, , . kratos, , . . (. . la bure . kratos ).

, , , (), , , , ( ) (); () (), , .

6) multiparty system [101, . 361] [27, . 25]: a multiparty system, more than two parties are serious contenders for power. The legislature is composed of several minority parties, usually leading to government by coalition. Multiparty systems are encouraged by proportional representation and are characteristic of democracies in Western Europe and Latin America. See dominant and two-party systems. . , . , , , . . . . . . , , , . .. . . .

, . , in a multiparty system , more than two parties , 䳺 are 䳺 . serious contenders for power . ³, power , , , .

, composed of several minority parties, . , minority , . : leading to government by coalition .

, .. , . , , - . .

7) [29, . 23] (multilevel governance [101, . 361]). , , : governance emerges when experts from several tiers of government share the task of making regulations and forming policy, usually in conjunction with relevant interest groups. The term is commonly used in the European Union, whose presence adds a supranational tier to existing national, regional and local levels within most member states. See intergovernmental relations. [36, .47] . , ' , , . , , -. . . . (Multi Level Governance) , 1990 ., 峺 , -, . .

, , : , 1990 .; 峺 . , , . , several tiers of government share the task of making regulations and forming policy supranational tier to existing national, regional and local levels within most member states [37, .18] ᒺ -, . , , 峺 . .

8) electoral system [22, . 31]: set of rules for conducting an election, with specific reference to the ballot structure and electoral formula. See proportional representation. . , . . . . ii , . . .

, , , . , set of rules (set ) , . , , , .

election . , electio n, , .

specific reference, , . , .

9) , free trade area [11, . 672] [12, . 25]: free trade area permits the free flow of goods and services within a group of countries, usually in the same region. However, members continue to follow their own policies on trade with external countries. Free trade agreements offer gains from trade without the loss of sovereignty involved in a federation. However, free trade agreements are sometimes for show; they are rarely fully implemented; and they complicate the task of developing a multilateral regime policed by intergovernmental organizations. [35, .98] - . ³ (Free trade area, Free economic zone; Free economic area, Free trade zon e) , , ᒺ , ... . , ... , . , ... .

: Free trade area, Free economic zone; Free economic area, Free trade zone. [34, .56] a group of countries, usually in the same region, 䳿 , 㳿, : ; ; . the free flow of goods and services free , , flow , . [26, .98-103]

, without the loss of sovereignty involved in a federation. , 㳿 , , : ᒺ ; ; , .

, , , : they complicate the task of developing a multilateral regime policed by intergovernmental organizations. [34, .56] - . ... . ... , , .

10) balkanization - : Balkanization involves dividing a state into smaller, independent and often hostile units, usually with the aim of reducing the military threat posed to an external power by the original, undivided entity. - . ( ) , , . ' , ' 볿 䳿. ' . [26, .98-103]

, , . dividing , , , , , : . state , .

³, , : ' , ' 볿 䳿. ' .

, , , , . , , 㳿 , , , 򳺿 . ³ , [30, .89].

 


 

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