.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

.

, . , (savings) . , .. . , . :

- ( , ), ;

- , , .

, . , , . (consumption spending - ) (investment spending I). , Y (yield). (expenditures):

Y= E

( ) () (I): E = C+ I

(C) (S):

Y = + S

,

+ I = + S,

.. ,

I = S

.. . (injections) , (leakages) . , , , ( , , ). , , , . ( ), , (). . .

.

-, (government spending - G), , . , . , .. .

-, (taxes - Tx), . , , , (transfers - Tr). - , , .. . , , , , , . , .

-, , . ( + ) (), , , . ( ) . , , , .. . , . , . , .. () , , .

, , .. , , . : (C), (I) (G):

= C + I + G

(C), (S) (T):

Y = C + S+ T

, (Tx) (Tr):

T = Tx Tr

(, , , , , , )

, () , :

I + G = S+ T

( , , , , ).

( ) , (Y), , .. , (), , , .. (disposal income Yd). , , , , , , ( , ). :

Yd = Y -Tx + Tr

( ) :

Yd = C + S

, , , , . , (export Ex) () ( ), (import Im) ( ).

.

(Im > Ex), . , .. :

- () , , . (, );

- ( ) .

, ( ) , (capital inflow), .

(Ex > Im), () , (capital outflow), .

( ) . , (net export - Xn) :

Xn = Ex - Im

, : , , :

= C + I + G + Xn

:

Y = C + S+ T

= Y, , :

C + I + G + Xn = C + S+ T

.

, () ():

Y ( ) = = C + I + G + Xn

, (.. , () , .. , ) (.. , () , , ), :

I + G+ Ex = S+ T + Im

. . .

 





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