, , .
. (18961955) , (18931978) , , , .. .. , .. , .. , .. , . , , .
..
, . , (18991973) (18941967), .. ; (19001991), , . . , , .
. , 80- .XX . . .
..
л (19851990) XX ., , .
..
. .. , .. , .. , .. .
.. , .-. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .
|
|
|
. 5070- . , (18941958), XIX (1894 1974), .. (1880 1967), .. .. .
- . , , , , . . , .. , .. , .. , XX .. .
..
XX . . , . , . , (19011977), (19041984), (1930 1999), , -. - , .
. .
. 6070- . , .. , . .. , .. .
, , , , , . , - , , .. .
|
|
|
, , XX . , , . . XXI ., , , . , , .
..
..
, , . , .
B.C., .. . ., 1961.
. / . . .,1962.
/ ... .. . ., 1984.
/ . .. . ., 1974.
.. . ., 1996.
.. . ., 1960.
.. . ., 1971.
.., .. . ., 1957.
/ . .. . ., 1982.
.. . ., 1994.
. ., 1996.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1983.
.. : . ., 1984.
.. . ., 1989.
. / . . .,1984.
.. . ., 1970.
.., .., .. : . ., 1966.
. /. . ., 1965.
.. / . .., 1970.
. / . . ., 1986.
.. , ., 1970.
.. . .,1977.
.. . ., 1981.
.. . ., 1974.
.. . ., 1971.
. / . . ., 1987.
.. . 2- . ., 1985.
.. - . ., 1988.
.. : . ., 1947.
/ ... .. . ., 1967.
. / . . ., 1990.
: . / . . .. . ., 1978.
/ . .. . ., 1956.
/ . . .. . ., 1978.
. ., 1977.
.. / . . ., 1965.
.. : 3 . /. .. , .. . ., 1979.
.. .., 1969.
.. . .,1975.
. . ., 1990.
. . . ., 1979.
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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
.......................................................................................................................................... 5
............................................................................. 5
.................................................................................................................... 6
- ....................................... 9
2....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
........................................................................ 11
............. 11
()................................................................................................................................ 12
........................................................................................................................................................ 14
- ........................................................................................................................ 16
......................................................................................................................................................... 18
......................................................................................................................................................... 18
........................................................... 22
3....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
............................................................................................................................... 27
......................................................................................................................... 28
(III -I . ..)................................................................................................................................... 37
, ................................................................................................... 40
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..................................................................................................................................... 44
............................................................................................. 46
4....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
....................................................................................................................................... 48
......................................................................................................... 48
........................................................................................................................................................ 50
................................................................................................................................................................ 53
............................................................................................................. 57
5....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
, ...................................... 60
........................................................................................................................ 60
............................................................................................................................... 63
......................................................................................................................... 67
................................................................................................ 69
6....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
, ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
................................................................................... 70
.................................................................................. 72
................................................................................ 73
................................................................................................. 76
7....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
, ( XVII .)........................................... 79
................................................................................................................................................... 79
-III ............................................................................................................................... 81
XIV-XVI ........................................................................................................................................................... 84
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XVII ............................................................................................................................................. 86
XVII ......................................................................................................................................... 89
8....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
XVII-XVIII ............................................................... 96
. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 97
.. . 99
XVIII .................................................................. 106
.......................................................................................... 108
XVII-XVIII ..................................................................................................................................... 110
- ................................................................. 112
XVIII .............................................................................................................................................. 115
- Pcco........................................................................................................................................... 117
(1789-1794)............................. 120
- 123
9..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128
XVIII .................................................................................................................................... 128
XVIII ................................................................................................................................................... 128
I........................................................................................................................................................................... 132
. . ........................................................................................................... 134
.. ................................................................................................. 137
1......................................................................................................................................................... 140
.. .................................................................................................................................... 141
.............................................................................................................................. 144
.. .......................................................................................................................... 145
10................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
XIX . ( 90- .)........................................................... 153
XIX . ( 90- .).......................................................................................................................................................... 153
. . ......................................................................................... 155
.. ....................................................................................................................................................... 160
... ........................................................................................... 168
. ............................................................................................................................................................... 174
XIX . ( 90- .).................................................................................................................... 176
XIX ....................................................................................................... 179
. .
....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 183
11................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 186
90- . XIX ..................................................................................................................... 186
............................................................................................................................... 187
90- . XIX .................................................................................................................... 192
.. - XIX . ................................................................................... 197
12................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 208
XIX - XX .................................................................................................................... 208
XIX ............................................................................................................................ 208
........................................................................................................................ 209
............................................................................................ 217
13................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 222
XIX - XX . ( 1917 .).................................................................................................. 222
XIX - XX . ............................................... 222
XIX - XX ............................................................................................................... 231
14................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 243
(1918-1939)............ 243
15................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
1917 . (1917-1945)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
, 1917 ...................................................................................................................................................... 250
- 20- .................................................................... 255
1918 .................................................................................................. 257
1941-1945 . ........................................................................................................................... 266
............................................................................................................ 268
16................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 270
() .. 270
...................................................................................................... 271
................................................................................................................................................... 273
() XX ............................................................ 274
............................................................................................... 277
