, . : ( ) ( , AS aggregate supply). (AD aggregate demand) , , ( ). .
.
: , , , , ( ) . .
. .
1. :
,
.
2. :
,
.
, , , ( ) .
. , , .
, .
, , , , , ( ) ( ) .
-, , (. . 1).
. 1.
1 ;
2 ;
3 :
4 ;
5 ;
6 ;
7 ;
8 () :
|
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(4-5) ;
.
(6-7) ;
9 () , , :
(4-6-7) , ;
(4-5-6-7) .
15 .
:
) (AD = AS). , , : . - , , , : , , ;
) ;
) .
:
( XIX ) ( XIX . .);
.. (18831946 .) .
, , , (- ) . , (. . ) , , . .
:
;
.. : , . . ;
: , . . .
.
, - (), , . XIX .
, , N- ( ), N- , ( ). , , .
, PY, PN, PB, PM , , , .
∆Yi = Ydi Ysi i- (Ydi) (Ysi ). , ∆Ni, ∆Bi, ∆Mi ( i = 1,2, n).
|
|
PY ∆Yi + PN ∆Ni + PB ∆Bi + PM ∆Mi = 0, . . .
, :
, ∑∆Yi = ∑∆Ni = ∆Bi = 0, , PM ≠ 0 PMΣΔMi = 0, ∆Mi = 0.
, , , , , , , , . :
- .. ;
- . ;
. .
, , () . .. .
( ) ( ) , . . , , () .
, , , , - 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
.
-, , , . . Y = AF (KL). , - .
, (L), ().
= / () .
(. . 2).
. 2.
Lmax (L), .
, , -. ( LE Lmax), , .
, , ; ; .
( ) , , . , . :
1) ;
2) = + ;
|
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3) .
, , . - = + (Y = C + S), = + (E = C + I).
, S = I, . . . , , , . (r). , , . . S = f (r). , . . I = f (1/r) , .
, , , , (. . 3).
. MV = Q, , V ( ), , Q . P , Q Y (. . , Y ), , , Y , . . . . , , . , , , , ( ).
. 3.
, :
Y = C + (S = I) => I = (ΔL + ΔK) => ΔY = ΔC + (ΔS =ΔI) .
ΔL , ΔK ().
, , , , . , , .
, :
) ( ) ( );
) ;
) .
, , , , , (, , ).
1929 . : , . , . (18831946). , :
|
|
1) ( ) ( );
2) , : ; ; ;
3) .
.
2.2.
(ADAS)
, AD ( ) , . AD : - ().
- , ( ) , .
() .
AD ( ). - :
I. ѻ (consumption) .
II. I (investment) .
III. G (government) .
IV. X ( T.b. (trade balance) ) . AD = = C + I + G + X. , :
;
() (). ( ) Q (. . 4).
, , , - -, . , .
. 4. AD AS
(. . 5).
. 5. AD
, .
= I, ̻ AD , AD (. . 5). , (. . 3) , Qe = .
, AD - () .
, AD , D ( ). : ( , - ).
(. . ) . , :
) . . , , . , ;
|
|
) , , , , .
AD, , , , .
1. .
2. ( : , ).
3. .
:
1. .
( ) => => . :
, => ;
, => .
2. .
(, ) => => ( ) , => ( ).
3. .
=> , .
AD .
AD, . . (. . 6) .
AD (AD AD1 ) (AD AD2 ).
( AD AD1).
I. : ; , => ; ; ; ; .
II. : ; ; ( ) ( ); .
III. : .
IV. : ; ; (. . ).
, , , , , AD (AD AD2).
. 6.
(AS) () , , ), .
- (. . 7).
. 7. AS
, AS, -. ( . 7.)
(, ) , , , , , , - () . , , (. . , ). ti, ().
( ) (. . ti ), AS (. . 8).
. 8. AS
, ( ). , Qmax , . , (. . 8).
AS . 7.
AS .
, , , .
.
AS (. . 7) , :
α) . . ( ) ;
b) ;
γ) . . ( ) ;
a) () , , , . (. . , ).
b) , Q, Q2, , . . , - ( + ). Q2 . (. . ) ( ), , .
γ) ( () ) , , ( ).
AS . , AD, AS (. . 9).
. 9. AS
, , AS AS2, , :
1. - (. . ) => , .
2. => .
3. ( ) .
4. .
5. , AS - .
6. => .
7. .
AD AS , , . . Hi = ADi = ASi (. . 10).
. 10. AD AS
R1 .
R2 .
R3 , ( ).
R4 ( ) .
R5 .
, (AS > AD) (AS < AD) (. . 11).
R AD AS,
, ,
Qp ,
E1, 2 AD AD AS,
(1 p) ( 1),
(Q1 Q) ( 1),
(Qp Q2) ( 2),
(Qmax Q2) ( ),
(Q Qmax) ( ).
. 11.
AD AS
:
) AS , AD : ;
) AS , AD : ;
) AS , AD : ) ).
:
) AS , AD : , . . (, );
) AS , AD : (, );
) AS , AD : ) ).
AD AS.
I. , , , ( - XIX XX ). , ; , () ( , , ), (. . 12) 1 2. 11Q10 22Q20 ( ), (1/2) < (Q2/Q1).
. 12. AD AS
II. , , , . . , :
) : - ( 1973 ) ( - ) , , . :
;
( 1980- );
.
, ( 90- XX ) . , .
) - : 6070- XX , , . .
) : 8090- XX ( ) (, , ), , .
III. - ( 80- 90- XX , 90- XX ) ( (. . 13)).
. 13. AD AS
, , . . , AD (- ) , . . .
- AD (. . 13) ( ), , AD AS . , , . :
1) ;
2) ( ) ;
3) ;
4) , ;
5) , , , : -.