Of metallic mate
Metallurgy as a branch of engineering is concerned with the production of metals and alloys, their adaptation to use, and their performance in service. As a science, metallurgy is concerned with the chemical reactions involved in the processes by which metals are produced and the chemical, physical, and mechanical behavior of metallic materials.
The field of metallurgy may be divided into process metallurgy (production metallurgy, extractive metallurgy) and physical metallurgy. In this system metal processing is considered to be a part of process metallurgy and the mechanical behavior of metals a part of physical metallurgy.
Different metals require different combinations of operations and processes, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps. The first is production of an impure metal from ore minerals, commonly oxides or sulfides, and the second is the refining of the reduced impure metal, for example, by selective oxidation of impurities or by electrolysis.
Physical metallurgy investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metals and the relations of the structure to the properties of metals. Physical metallurgy is also concerned with the engineering applications of scientific principles to the fabrication, mechanical treatment heat treatment, and service behavior of metals.
The structure of metals consists of their crystal structure, which is investigated by x- ray, electron, and neutron diffraction, their microstructure, which is the subject of metallography, and their macrostructure. Crystal imperfections, which provide mechanisms for processes occurring in solid metals, are investigated by x-ray diffraction and metallographic methods, especially electron microscopy. The microstructure is determined by the constituent phases and the geometrical arrangement of the microcrystal formed by those phases. Macrostructure is important in industrial metals. It involves chemical and physical in homogeneities on a scale larger than microscopic. Examples are flow lines in steel forgings and blowholes in castings.
Phase transformations occurring in the solid state underlie many heat-treatment operations. The thermodynamics and kinetics of these transformations are a major concern of physical metallurgy. Physical metallurgy also investigates changes in the structure and properties resulting from mechanical working of metals.
1. Answer the questions:
1. What is metallurgy as a science?
2. What two parts may the field of metallurgy be divided into?
3. Which two major steps does the production of a metal typically involve?
4. What does physical metallurgy deal with?
5. Which methods investigate crystal imperfections?
6. What is macrostructure important for?
2. Say if the sentences are true or false:
1. Metallurgy as a branch of engineering deals with the metal and alloy production, adaptation to use, and performance in service.
2. Metallurgy as a science deals with the chemical reactions involved in the processes by which metals are produced.
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3. Process metallurgy means production metallurgy and extractive metallurgy, metal processing is its part.
4. Different metals typically require the same combinations of operations and processes.
5.. Physical metallurgy investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metals, the engineering applications of different metals and how changes in the structure affect the properties of metals.
6. All metals have crystal structure and we can learn it with the help of x-rays.
3. Translate the words into Russian:
a branch of engineering
concerned with
chemical, physical, and mechanical behavior of metallic materials
is considered to be
ore minerals
the properties of metals
the engineering applications
processes occurring in solid metals
the geometrical arrangement of the microcrystal
steel forgings and blowholes in castings
changes in the structure and properties resulting from mechanical working of metals
4. Translate from Russian into English:
,
5. Render the text according to the plan:
1. Metallurgy as a branch of engineering
2. The field of metallurgy may be divided into two processes
3. The production of a metal involves two major steps
4. Physical metallurgy investigates
5. Different methods of investigation of metal structure
T 12
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Special Automobiles and Onboard Information Management Systems
(multi-purpose vehicles)
Text 1. Automobile
An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.
There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people). Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; the engines of these burn over a billion cubic meters (260 billion US gallons) of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.
The first working steam-powered vehicle was likely to have been designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions in China around 1672. It was a 65 cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger. It is not known if Verbiest's model was ever built.
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Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. His inventions were however handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure. In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile,
http://www.plunkettresearch.com/automobiles-trucks-market-research/industry-overview,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot
Symbols: 1 727
Assignments:
