| A | B |
| 1. advanced | a. components |
| 2. herbal | b. a thorn |
| 3 natural | c. methods |
| 4. the medicinal | d. body |
| 5. human | e. properties |
| 6. to pull | f. medicine |
V. .
54. , (ANTIBIOTICS: ORIGIN, TYPES AND HISTORY)
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| fungi Intercross - inhibit their reproduction - restrain remedy bronchitis - | generated - combat viral infections - flu sore throat common cold - |
The word "antibiotics" comes from the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). Antibiotics are molecules that kill, or stop the growth of, microorganisms, including both bacteria and fungi.
Antibiotics that kill bacteria are called "bactericidal".
Antibiotics that stop the growth of bacteria are called "bacteriostatic" 
Antibiotics have certain things that intercross with attacking bacteria, kill them or inhibit their reproduction. In human organism antibiotics play a role of ammunition.
People have used antibiotics for hundreds of years, not actually knowing their potential. But officially antibiotics were discovered in 1920s by a chemist Alexander Fleming. He noticed that some substances, such as Penicillium, restrain the evolution of bacteria, and that was the beginning of antibiotic age.
Since that time antibiotics are widely used all over the world as a strong remedy against bacterial illnesses. A lot of different types of these powerful weapons are already discovered. But there are also antibiotics that are harmful for a human organism, despite their effectiveness. Earlier the antibiotics were natural, generated by good bacteria. Nowadays we usually deal with synthesized antibiotics. Still, antibiotic materials are derived from good bacteria that can combat harmful ones.
The meaning of antibiotics is immense, if we speak about their effectuality against harmful bacteria. The discovery of penicillin helped to save at least 300,000 lives during the Second World War. Without having antibiotics a lot of people would be now suffering strongly from diseases, caused harmful bacteria.
Antibiotics only fight bacterial infections and do not work against viral infections, such as flu, common cold, sore throat and bronchitis. Antibiotics taken in order to treat viral infections can do more harm to the body, than good. This is why one should follow the directions given by the doctor carefully while taking antibiotics.
Classes of antibiotics
There are several types of antibiotic from which the physician prescribes the appropriate one to treat a particular infection.
Lactam antibiotics
examples: penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin), cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, etc.
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Tetracyclines
example: tetracycline
Macrolide antibiotics
example: erythromycin
Aminoglycosides
examples: Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin
Quinolones
example: Ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone)
Cyclic peptides
examples: Vancomycin, Streptogramins, Polymyxins
Lincosamides
example: clindamycin
Oxazolidinoes
example: Linezolid (Zyvox)
Sulfa antibiotics
example: sulfisoxazole
Today, there are over 100 different types of antibiotics that have been identified and are used by doctors to cure mild to severe infections.
Taking Your Medicine
It is important to learn how to take antibiotics correctly. Read the label to see how many pills to take and how often to take your medicine. Also, ask your pharmacist if there is anything you should know about the medication.
An important question to ask is how the medication should be taken. Some medications need to be taken with something in your stomach such as a glass of milk or a few crackers, and others only with water. Taking your antibiotics incorrectly may affect their absorption, reducing or eliminating their effectiveness.
It is also important to store your medication correctly. Many children's antibiotics need to be refrigerated (amoxicillin), while others are best left at room temperature (Biaxin).
Take your entire course of antibiotics. Even though you may feel better before your medicine is entirely gone, follow through and take the entire course. This is important for your healing. If an antibiotic is stopped in midcourse, the bacteria may be partially treated and not completely killed, causing the bacteria to be resistant to the antibiotic. This can cause a serious problem if those now-resistant bacteria grow enough to cause a reinfection.
