1.
1. , , :
, 2015 3 . , 44% , . 400 . , 600 . . , 9 . , , , , , , , , . 36 , . , , - , , . . . 80% . glocal (global+local) English (glocal ).
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2. , :
- , , . , , - ( ), ( ) .
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square - 1. , , , , ; 2. , .
face - , (), , , , , , , ..
state - 1. , , , , , , ..; 2. , .
. , tough, - : (the law is too tough); (a gang of toughs); (he was thin but tough); (the watch is extremely tough); (tough as a tortoise shell).
, (). , , , , , , . , , , . :
mall - , , ;
sabbatical leave , ;
" Yellow Pages " - ;
high tea - ;
affirmative action - 䳿, .
2.2.
, , (president, bank, flag). , 系 , .
, , . :
advocate - , , ;
complexion , ;
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decade , ;
replica - , .
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character , ,
figure - , , ,
pretend , ,
position - , .
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addresser , ,
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2.3. : , , . ; , ; .
1. Worlds language
More than 300 million people in the world speak English and the rest, it sometimes seems, try to. For better or worse, it has become the most global of languages, the lingua franca of business, science, education, and pop music.
It is often said that what most immediately sets English apart from other languages is the richness of its vocabulary. It means that English speakers can often draw shades of distinction unavailable to non-English speakers. The French, for example, cannot distinguish between house and home, mind and brain, man and gentleman. The Spanish cannot differentiate a chairman from a president, in Russia there are no native words for challenge, have fun.
To be fair, English is full of traps for a foreigner. The word fly, for example, signifies an annoying insect, a means of travel, and a critical part of a gentlemans losing. And imagine being a foreigner and having to learn that in English one tells a lie but the truth, that a person who says I could care less means the same thing as someone who says I couldnt care less.
We have this strange and to foreigners it must seem maddening tendency to load a single word with a whole galaxy of meanings. Fine, for instance, has fourteen definitions as an adjective, six as a noun, and two as an adverb. We can talk about fine art, a fine edge, feeling fine, a court fine and mean quite separate things. But the polysemic champion must be set. It has 58 uses as a noun, 126 as a verb, and 10 as a participial adjective. Its meanings are so various that it takes the OED 60,000 words the length of a short novel to discuss them all. A foreigner could be excused for thinking that to know set is to know English.
Anthropology 93/94, David Crystal
2. AE and BE
The complexities of the English language are such that even native speakers cannot always communicate effectively. To be right in his use of English and, more importantly, to be understood, the non-native speaker needs to know which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for sake of communication, but also to avoid embarrassment.
For example, if a Londoner tells a resident of New York that she has left her child's dummy in the pram and its nappy in the boot, she will merely be greeted with a look of surprise. If the New Yorker then tells the London woman that she has nice pants, he may well wonder why she doesn't seem to take his remark as a compliment. In America dummies and nappies are called pacifiers and diapers; prams and boots are called baby carriages and trunks. For Americans pants are trousers but for Britons pants are what you wear under your trousers.
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Indeed, Robert Burchfield, ditor of the Oxford English Dictionary, created a stir in linguistic circles on both sides of the Atlantic when he announced his belief that American English and British English are drifting apart so rapidly that within 200 years the two nations wont be able to understand each other at all.
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1. :
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2. ; / :
rapid, slogan, (non)native speaker, complexity, signify
3. ϳ , , , house home. , :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (); ( ); ; .
4. different various. :
1.This car is different from anything else on the market.
2. I will do it for various reasons.
3. They are people with quite different lifestyles.
4. The houses designs were so much various.
5. American history is longer, more various than anyone has ever said about it.
6. This book varies little from the previous one.
7. You need to vary the menu if you want this café to be a success.
8. Teachers differ in their views on the students mark.
9. At the exam you will have to speak on the variety of topics.
10. Difference of views can make a couple part.
5. :
a) popular culture, popular education, popular meeting, popular festival, popular science books, popular prices, popular notion, popular fellow;
) world boxing champion, champion of the poor, champion horse, two times Olympic champion, champion of peace;
) without distinction, fine distinction, to get a distinction, to draw a distinction, writer of distinction, distinction mission.
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1. .
2. ij :
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V.
1.
1.1. , , (lingua franca; status quo; a posteriori; a priori; pro forma; tabula rasa; dum spiro spera; vis-à-vis; au pair; laissez faire,post scriptum). , ( , , ). , . , .
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1.2. nation 20 . , , , , nation-state, . - , - . ³ nationality ( ) , . () , ethnic (ethnicity).
1.3. : couldnt care less could care less . , , -:
Frankly, I could not care less about football. , ( ).
Unfortunately some managers could not care less about new technologies. , .
He could not care less about it. .
, 1960 ; , could care less . , .
1.4. , : State Secretary (), - Foreign Secretary. ³ : State Department () Foreign Office. minister ministry, , secretary department.
2.
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1. I am afraid that it will lead us to a global village with a global culture:
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2. It means that English speakers can often draw shades of distinction unavailable to non-English speakers:
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3. The word fly, for example, signifies an annoying insect, a means of travel, and a critical part of a gentlemans losing:
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2. , ,
3. :
Indeed, Robert Burchfield created a stir in linguistic circles on both sides of the Atlantic when he announced his belief that American English and English English are drifting apart so rapidly that within 200 years the two nations wont be able to understand each other at all.
ij , , , 200 .
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4. , (, , , ).
Esperanto has never been a secondary official language of any recognized country though there were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish the world's first Esperanto state. Qian Xuantong, a Chinese linguist, even promoted the replacement of Chinese with Esperanto. In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronation of Rose Island used Esperanto as its official language in 1968.
The US Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto, to be used in war games. In the summer of 1924, the American Radio Relay League adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language. Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations. The largest of these, the World Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and UNESCO, which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954. Esperanto is also the first language of teaching and administration of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino.
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