: , . , , . 1 2 . :
r(dv/dt)@grad p
: F grad p+mD v =0 Þ . . Re=rvh/m , . Re>1 Þ .
, . . . . , , . , . , . , : (Re)=(rvR/m). (Re) . , v . , . p1p2=kr<v2> l /R, . : p1p2=8m<v> l /R2. , . , , : k=k0+(8/Re). Re>Re k@k0, . , Re<1 k8/Re, 0 2-. . (4.12) . ( ) , . . 4.13. ( Re = 250).
12.
1
. . . .
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( . , , , . , , . ) ( . ).
: , .
: . .
.
: , .
, . x=1(x,y,z,t),
y=(x,y,z,t),
z=3(x,y,z,t),
t=4(x,y,z,t).
, . :
: t=0 x=y=z=0 x=y=z=0, 5=0
y = a1x + a2y + a3z + a4t;
z = b1x + b2y + b3z + b4t;
.. Y,Y Z,Z : y=0 y=0, z=0 z=0
0 = a1x + a3z + A4t;
0 = b1x + b2y + b4t; 1=3=4=0
0=1=3=4 . y=ay z=az
y=y/a z=z/a .. , =1/, =1.
y=y; z=z.
x t: :
x=a(xvt) Þ x=a(x+vt)
, a=a. ʒ: x2x1=l. Þ x1=a(x1vt0), x2=a(x2vt0) Þ x2 x1=(x1x2)/a=l/a..
l. Þ x2x1=l. ʒ, , v. Þ x1=a(x1+v0 t), x2= a(x2+v0 t)
Þ x2x1=(x2x1)/a. , , Þ a=a. : x=ct, x=ct. Þ
ct=a t(cv), ct=a t(c+v) Þ a= Þ vt=(x/a)x=(x/a)a(xvt)=avt+x((1/a)a) Þ t= , x= , y=y, z=z. .
. - . (x1, y1, z1, t1) (x2, y2, z2, t2) .
s=(x1x2)2+(y1y2)2+(z1z2)2c2(t1t2)2
, . . . .
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s2>0 Þ .
s2>0 Þ .
s2=0 Þ ( $ , , ).
, , , . .
, , , . .
2.