Ȼ -
. .
_______________________________________________________________
-
: ..
..
..
2005
1.
, , , , .
2.
() . -v -s .
( 2.1), -v .
:
1) (): , v, s 1,2,3 4 .
2) (p,v,T s) 2-3- 4- .
3) n , cn () l , () q, Δu, Δi , ψ .
4) l , q, , q, , q, , Δu, Δi Δs , ... ηt ... ηt, .
-v (.2.1) -s (.2.2) .
2.1
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Ȼ . . .
________________________________________________________ .
(, ., .)
- | |||||||||||
; | x 2 ; | x 3 ; | x 4 ; | x 5 ; | x 6 ; | ||||||
0,08 | 0,392 | p - v 1, 2.. | |||||||||
V 3/ | |||||||||||
T | T - s 11, 12 | ||||||||||
s /· |
n | /· | l / | q / | Du / | Di / | Ds /· | y = | |
1 - 2 | ||||||||
2 - 3 | ||||||||
3 - 4 | ||||||||
4 - 1 | +∞ |
, 1 .
:
R = 0,287 ;
v = 0,712 .
: ) ;v; s
; ) n; ; l; q; Du;
q / | q / | l / | q / | Δu / | Δi / | Δs /· | ht | |
Di; Ds y ; ) q .;
q .; l; q; Du; Di; Ds ht .
: v1 / v2 = 12
__________________ 200 . _____ ________________________200 . ______________________
3.
, , , , .. , [1]:
1.
v = RT, (1)
R .
2.
vn = const, (2)
n ,
n = . (3)
1 2 .
3.
q = Δu + l. (4)
Δu ,
Δu = u2 u1 = cv(T2 T1), (5)
cv ,
l () , , ,
l = (2 1). (6)
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l = RT·ln = RT·ln . (7)
, (6)
l = -Δu = cv(T1 T2). (8)
Δi = i2 i1 =cp(T2 T1), (9)
cp = cv + R. (10)
4.
q = cn(T2 T1), (11)
cn ,
cn = cv + , (12)
cn = cv . (13)
k , k = , k=1,4.
5. :
ds = , (14)
Δs = s2 s1 = cn·ln , (15)
Δs = s2 s1 = cp·ln R·ln . (16)
.2.1. .
. 2.2.
4.
() .
. 1 4 , 1, 2, 4, 3 . . .
1. (p, v, T, s) .
:
) 1, , (1), (16). , (0=273 , P0=105 /2), s0 =0. (16) :
s1 s0 = s1 = cP·ln - R·ln ; (17)
) 2, , (1) (2).
:
; (18)
; (19)
. (20)
2 (15) (16):
s2 = s1 + cn·ln ,
s2 = s1 + c·ln - R·ln .
. , Δu2-3, Δi2-3 q2-3, (5), (9) (11) 3, , (1), (15) (16), 3 .
4 (18-20), 3 4 ( 4 n3-4), ( 4 ). , n3-4 3, 4, (18-20).
2. (p, v, , s) .
p-v T-s , 2- .
, .. (p-v) , .. (-s) . (18) (15), :
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= P1 , (21)
= s1 + cnln , (22)
vx x 1 , .
3. (p-v) (T-s) . , , :
- , , , ;
- , ;
- : ∞>n>0, (18), ; 0>n>- ∞ , , n > -1 , n < -1 , n = -1 .
4. , :
) (3);
) (12) (13), , 1<n<k;
) , , (6), (7) (8); (-v) ; ;
) ( ) (4) (11); (T-s) ; (14), (.. ), (ds>0) , , (.. ), (ds<0).
) (5);
) (9);
) (15) (16);
) :
ψ = . (23)
5. , :
) , :
l = l1-2 + l2-3 + l3-4 + l4-1 = ∑ l; (24)
, , (p-v) ;
) , , :
q = q q, (25)
q , , q , .
(25) , q, l, (T-s) . , (p-v) (T-s) ;
) , , , :
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Δu = Δu1-2 + Δu2-3 + Δu3-4 + Δu4-1 = 0, (26)
Δi = Δi1-2 + Δi2-3 + Δi3-4 + Δi4-1 = 0, (27)
Δs = Δs1-2 + Δs2-3 + Δs3-4 + Δs4-1 = 0 (28)
) ... , , l q:
ηt = . (29)
, ... , (T-s) , , .
... ... , (Tmax Tmin) . ... , :
ηtk = 1 - . (30)
(-s) , . , .. ... ... :
.
5.
, 2.1. .
1. p,v,T,s :
) 1 (1) (17) :
1 = 0,08 = 0,8·105 /2; 1 = 280 ;
v1 = = = 1 3/;
s1 = cp·ln = 1,0∙ln - 287∙ln = 0,092 /∙,
(10) p = v + R = 0,712 + 0,287 ≈ 1 /∙;
) 2 , , v1 v2, (18) - 2; 2 (1); 1-2 (n = k), Δs1-2 = 0 (n= 0) s2 = s1;
) , 2-3 (n = 0), 3 = 2, cn = cp, (11) q2-3 2 3 3 ; s3 (15);
) , 4-1 (n = + ∞), v4 = v1, 4 v4 4 4 , s4 (15), , 4-1 cn = cv.
2. p,v,T,s (. .2, 4).
3. (p-v) (T-s) . (.2.1.) (.2.2.) .
4. , (. .4, 4).
5. , (. .5, 4).
5.1.
6.
, , , , , , (. 7).
:
- (. 5.1.);
- () , , . ;
- (. .2.1 .2.2).
: /2 ; - ; v - 3/; q, u i - /; cn, s R 1 - /∙.
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5.1